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Signal Transduction
Published in Markus W. Covert, Fundamentals of Systems Biology, 2017
Let’s zero in on one of these proteins in detail. My favorite protein in Table 8.1 is tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α is a cytokine, a protein that is used for intercellular signaling, and it plays an important role in the immune system. The receptor protein for TNF-α was creatively named tumor necrosis factor receptor, or TNFR. The interaction between TNF-α and TNFR was studied in A549 cells, which are derived from the lung.
DNA damage and reticular stress in cytotoxicity and oncotic cell death of MCF-7 cells treated with fluopsin C
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Luan Vitor Alves de Lima, Matheus Felipe da Silva, Virginia Marcia Concato, Débora Berbel Lirio Rondina, Thalita Alves Zanetti, Ingrid Felicidade, Lilian Areal Marques, Sandra Regina Lepri, Ane Stéfano Simionato, Galdino Andrade Filho, Giuliana Castello Coatti, Mário Sérgio Mantovani
Another event that was observed, and which may be involved in cellular stress is the rise in mRNA expression of the ERN1 gene, the gene encoding the ribonuclease inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1) receptor protein that participates in the unfolded protein response (UPRER) signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, due to accumulation of nonfunctional proteins (Hetz and Papa 2018; Wang and Kaufman 2016). Upon prolonged activation, IRE1 interacts with the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF-2) molecule) and initiates cell death via the ASK-1/JNK/MAPK pathway (Almanza et al. 2019). Our findings showed that fluopsin C induced endoplasmic reticulum stress through up-regulation of mRNA expression of the ERN1 and TRAF-2 genes. Since fluopsin C enhanced reticulum stress, it is conceivable that cellular processes such as protein maturation, post-translational modifications, fatty acid and sterol biosynthesis, xenobiotic detoxification, and intracellular calcium accumulation are compromised after treatment with this antibiotic (Anelli and Sitia 2008).
Silver nanoparticles reduce the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-α
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2018
Alaa Fehaid, Akiyoshi Taniguchi
To localize tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), NCI-H292 cells were plated in a CELLview cell culture dish (Greiner Bio-one North America Inc., USA) at a density of 1.5 × 104 cells/compartment and incubated for 24 h. The cells were exposed to AgNPs (5 µg/mL) and/or TNFα (20 ng/mL) for 24 h. Then, the cells were washed with 1× PBS (Sigma), fixed with 4% formaldehyde solution in PBS (Wako, Japan) for 10 min at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 5 min, and then blocked with 10% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 h. The cells were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit polyclonal anti-TNF receptor 1 antibody (Abcam, UK) followed by incubation with labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 488) (Abcam, UK) for 1 h at room temperature. Nuclear DNA was stained with DAPI (4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) (Dojindo, Japan) for 5 min at room temperature. Microscopic images were acquired using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (LSM510 META, Carl Zeiss Inc., Germany) with a 63 × 1.4 Plan-Apochromat oil immersion lens.
Gender-specific associations between polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes and lung function among workers in swine operations
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Zhiwei Gao, James A. Dosman, Donna C. Rennie, David A. Schwartz, Ivana V. Yang, Jeremy Beach, Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan
TLR2-16934 (rs4696480) is a promoter variant of TLR2 gene. An experimental study of cord blood mononuclear cells showed the carriers of AA genotype of this SNP exhibited significantly increased gene expression of several Treg (regulatory T cells) marker genes including FOXP3 (forkhead box protein p3), GITR (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor) and LAG3 (lymphocyte activation gene 3) as well as Th2 (T helper cell type 2) cytokines and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) secretion in the presence of maternal atopy and postulated modification effects of maternal atopy status on this association may be partially explained by epigenetic regulation (Liu et al. 2011). Eder et al. (2004) reported that farm children from rural areas in Austria and Germany with a T allele of TLR2-16934 (rs4696480) were less susceptible to the diagnosis of asthma and atop, but not among children who did not reside on a farm. Kerkhof et al (2010) noted that this SNP significantly modified the influence of PM2.5 exposure on doctor-diagnosed asthma in children in the Netherlands.