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Terpenoids: The Biological Key Molecules
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Moumita Majumdar, Dijendra Nath Roy
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily comprises numerous growth factors—including, for example, TGF-β-1,2,3 and bone morphogenetic proteins—by which they regulate physiological processes such as cell differentiation, development, proliferation, adhesion, movement and, ultimately, programmed cell death. Cytokines of the TGF-β superfamily accelerate heterotetrameric receptor complex formation. These structures are composed of mainly two transmembrane receptor proteins, namely TGF-β receptor I (TβRI) and TGF-β receptor II (TβRII). Phosphorylation of these receptors results in the activation of a downstream transcription factor, which in turn phosphorylates SMAD2 and SMAD3. TGF-β receptor 1 phosphorylates R-SMADs on their C terminus through the intracellular kinase domain, leading to R-SMAD activation (Wharton and Derynck 2009). Then, R-SMADs interact with SMAD4 to form a SMAD complex, leading to its translocation to the nucleus for gene expression. On the other hand, bone morphogenetic proteins activate SMADl, SMAD5 and SMAD8.
Bone remodeling mathematical models using advanced discretization techniques: A review
Published in J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares, Biodental Engineering V, 2019
M.M.A. Peyroteo, J. Belinha, L.M.J.S. Dinis, R.M. Natal Jorge
Ruling both types of remodeling are a set of bone regulatory factors, such as insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), receptor activator of nuclear factor-Kb (RANK) and its cognate partner RANK ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Among these, the RANKL/RANK/OPG system plays a key role in the control of bone resorption. When activated by RANKL, RANK causes differentiation of osteoclasts and promotes their function and survival (Cohen Jr., 2006; Teitelbaum and Ross, 2003; Xiao et al., 2016). However, OPG can bind to RANKL, preventing it from binding to RANK, which leads to an inhibition of osteoclastogenesis (Graves et al., 2011; Simonet et al., 1997). Thus, RANKL/OPG ratio expression ratio is a relevant indication of bone resorption. Regarding bone tissue formation, TGF-β is an important stimulator involved in osteoblastic differentiation and production of bone matrix (Bonewald and Dallas, 1994), as well as FGF-2 (Downey et al., 2009). Moreover, IGF I and II are responsible for controlling the number and function of osteoblasts (Cohick and Clemmons, 1993), as well as mediating the interaction between osteoblasts and osteoclasts (Mohamed, 2008).
In vitro modulatory effects of electrical field on fibroblasts
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
Fibroblast is a source of different cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), and CXC and CC chemokines (Feghali and Wright 1997; Gharaee-Kermani et al. 2012). These mediators have different roles. As an example, TGFβ promotes cell proliferation, migration, extracellular matrix production, and fibroblast differentiation to myofibroblasts. Inhibition of TGFβ secretion prevents fibrosis (Bonniaud et al. 2005). As another example, fibroblasts produce IL-1β, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine (Feghali and Wright 1997). IL-1β is involved in the production of profibrotic cytokines such as PDGF and TGFβ. Fibroblasts play an important role in angiogenesis by producing VEGF, which acts on VEGF receptors expressed on endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis by stimulating mitogenesis and migration, for example (Kajihara et al. 2013; Newman et al. 2011). Fibroblasts regulate wound healing through the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-1 and MMP-3 (Zhang et al. 2014). Growth factors such as FGF1 and FGF2 are required for fibroblast growth and interaction with neighbor cells. Growth factors and cytokines are therefore critical players in tissue repair (Powers et al. 2000; Komi-Kuramochi et al. 2005).
Transcriptome analysis of Takifugu obscurus liver in response to acute retene exposure
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Shulun Jiang, Di-an Fang, Dongpo Xu
The SMAD family regulates intracellular events of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway, which controls cellular processes involving cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis.[62] SMAD4 mediates TGF-beta activities and regulates the actions of all the R-SMADs.[63] SMAD4 is needed for gastrulation and acts to suppress gastric cancer in mice.[64] Moreover, SMAD3 also participates in tumorigenesis, immune response, and the skeleton development of mice.[64] Following retene exposure, unusual activation of the FOXO pathway may be attributed to an immune response or to cell repair. Moreover, overactivation of FOXO pathways may distrupt the normal cycle and result in an increased risk of tumorigenesis.
A concise review on drug-loaded electrospun nanofibres as promising wound dressings
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2019
Farzaneh Aavani, Sajedeh Khorshidi, Akbar Karkhaneh
The transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) is a polypeptide regulatory molecule that controls and runs a lot of functional and vital activities in human body such as cellular functions, including cell growth and differentiation, ECM production, motility, and immune function. Like other regulatory and signalling factors, TGF-β1 has very important role in wound-healing process. This signalling factor has been found to be increased in the chronic phase of irradiated wound healing. Fibroblast proliferation, transformation to myofibroblasts, and stimulation of ECM production are all controlled by growth factors, primarily TGF-β1. It is well established that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as a signalling factor, could induce fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation [63].
Novel fabrication of dual nanoparticle loaded-co-polymeric dressing for effective healing efficiency in wound care after fracture surgery
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Lili Chen, Zhenfei Pan, Jinqiang Zhu, Yi Mao, Junhong Sun
Wound healing is a series of biochemical changes to restore the damaged cellular structure to normal form [51]. Wound healing is brought about by inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling [52]. Wound healing is promoted by growth factors like transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and platelet activation factor (PAF) [53]. In the present study, CUR loaded CH/PEG/AgNPs improved the wound healing in rats. When compared to the control, CH/PEG/AgNPs significantly promoted the healing process of wound in rats on day 1, day 3, day 6, and day 12. Interestingly, a greater significant wound healing in rats was noticed following treatment with CUR loaded CH/PEG/AgNPs on different days of experiment (day 1, day 3, day 6, and day 12). During the treatment days, CUR loaded CH/PEG/AgNPs have shown its primary effect from day 1 up to day 11 (Figure 10(A)). A more pronounced healing effect was observed on day 12 in which CUR loaded CH/PEG/AgNPs favors the complete curative effect in wound excised rats. The results of wound contraction show that CUR loaded CH/PEG/AgNPs had greater healing effect by increasing wound contraction (98% on day 12) with respect to CH/PEG/AgNPs (60% on day 12) and control (45% on day 12) (Figure 10(B)). Furthermore, it revealed that the CUR loaded CH/PEG/AgNPs had accelerated the rate of epithelialization and also completed the epithelialization process rapidly compared to CH/PEG/AgNPs and control (Figure 10(C)). The rapid wound contraction of CUR loaded CH/PEG/AgNPs was due to the production of interleukin-8, which have affected the function of other inflammatory cells. Further, it has increased the intracellular communication in fibroblasts leading to fast maturation of granulation in tissue [54]. Previously, the ethanolic extract of Cestrum nocturnum (L.) leaves have increased wound contraction, reduced epithelialization period, and higher level of hydroxyproline in rats [55].