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Embedding research on public health and housing into practice
Published in Jill Stewart, Russell Moffatt, Regulating the Privately Rented Housing Sector, 2022
Matt Egan, Chiara Rinaldi, Jakob Petersen, Maureen Seguin, Dalya Marks
Research into housing and health exemplified this ‘evidence gap’. In 2001, Thomson and colleagues (2001) published the first of their systematic reviews into the health effects of housing improvement. Systematic reviews are a useful way of understanding the evidence for a particular issue because these reviews aim to be comprehensive and emphasise the findings of more methodologically sound studies. Despite conducting an international search for housing improvement studies published over the previous 100+ years, Thompson and colleagues were surprised to find only eleven relevant studies – of variable quality – with inconsistent findings about health outcomes. At that time, this paucity of evidence seemed barely believable. After all, the links between housing and health had been a cornerstone public health for more than a century – to the extent that early UK government health ministries had often included housing within their remit. Surely, there must be evidence that housing improvement leads to health improvement!
When does published literature constitute data for secondary research and how should the data be analysed?
Published in Emmanuel Manu, Julius Akotia, Secondary Research Methods in the Built Environment, 2021
Bibliometric reviews or analysis and meta-analysis are systematic reviews that utilise more quantitative approaches. Bibliometric reviews are based on statistical analysis of the bibliographic data in published literature, and their application in built environment research has been on the ascendancy in recent years. Meta-analysis is a systematic review that is used to combine the results of prior quantitative analysis so that these can be analysed further at a higher analytical level. Some of these methods are discussed more extensively in other chapters of this book (see Chapters 9–13 for bibliometric approaches and Chapter 15 for an application of meta-analysis). In the rest of this chapter, the systematic literature review method is discussed in more detail, based on which the approaches for analysing the published literature qualitatively, as secondary data are discussed.
Evidence-Based Ergonomics
Published in Philip D. Bust, Contemporary Ergonomics 2006, 2020
Historically, the knowledge generated in the field of ergonomics has evolved from its early inception from strict reliance on experimental studies to the use of information from field or epidemiological studies (also known as observational) studies. Today, ergonomics practices are derived from the knowledge gained from both types of studies. In this regard, ergonomic practices may greatly benefit from the advances made in “Evidence- Based Medicine” defined as “the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients”. To the clinician, the practice of evidence-based medicine integrates individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. To the ergonomic practitioner, the practice of “evidence-based ergonomics” should integrate his/her individual experience as well as the best external available evidence from systematic research.
Advancements in renewable energy transition in India: A review
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Suresh Lal S R, Joselin Herbert G M, Pradeep Arjunan, Abhilash Suryan
This study aims to collect and report the quantitative and qualitative data of the developments in the renewable energy sector in India. Hence, a systematic literature review is undertaken to determine the research gaps and to provide direction for future research. The research enquiries are grouped into three core thematic sections namely: 1) advancements in renewable energy transition; 2) prospects of renewable energy; and 3) policies and incentives. A manual literature review is conducted on the articles published or issued specifically during 2019 to 2021, from various sources including academic databases, government and international agencies and industry websites. The findings arising from this study include novel information in the fields of 1) achievements in the renewable energy transition in India; 2) future potential; and 3) pinpointing unexploited/underexploited resources. As a limitation, the scope of this study does not include the technical explanation of the renewable energy conversion systems in practice and their cost and environmental impact aspects.
Systematic reviews in engineering education: a catalyst for change
Published in European Journal of Engineering Education, 2021
Borrego (2007) suggests increased consensus in terms of methodological approach could lead to increased rigour, which is required if engineering education is to develop further as a discipline. Systematic reviews provide a suitable mechanism to compare frequently used approaches but can also provide an evaluation of quality of implementation if combined with structures that evaluate the quality of the evidence. Examples of potentially suitable structures include the GRADE system as commonly used in Cochrane reviews (Ryan 2016), although these may require modification for use within engineering education. Reviews of this nature have the additional benefit of providing transparent high-quality evaluations of techniques that can be adopted as evidence-based practice within engineering education. The evolution of a field beyond low consensus has been observed in other disciplines. In medicine and psychology systematic reviews have been crucial to this evolution and have been used to ‘reconcile the evidence in order to inform policy and practice’ (Petticrew and Roberts 2006, 16). This increased relevance of research to practice would mark engineering education as an established discipline as described by Fensham (2004). However, both medicine and psychology experienced severe growing pains throughout this development. By examining these two diverse fields, we can consider the utility of the systems that have been incorporated and whether they are suitable for use within engineering education.
A systematic review of road safety investment appraisal models
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Chris Bic Byaruhanga, Harry Evdorides
A systematic literature review is an examination of the available evidence in a particular area of study based on a clearly formulated question and using a methodical approach to identify, select, critically appraise all the relevant studies, and synthesize the findings. The following questions guided this review: (i) what road safety investment appraisal models are available and used as decision support systems? (ii) What is the structure and principle of these models? (iii) What are the methods used to define the life cycle of road safety countermeasures? The procedures and guidelines developed by Gough et al. (2017) at the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre), a research unit at the Institute of Education, University College London, United Kingdom (UK), and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) (Moher et al., 2009) were used in this review. The EPPI—Reviewer 4 tool (Thomas et al., 2010)—performed a number of tasks such as storing retrieved studies, screening and data extraction.