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Security-Based Genetic Algorithms for Health Care
Published in Balwinder Raj, Brij B. Gupta, Jeetendra Singh, Advanced Circuits and Systems for Healthcare and Security Applications, 2023
In a biological sense, the smallest unit of life is a human/animal cell. The cell nucleus can be demonstrated as the center of the cell. The information related to genetics stored in the cell nucleus. In the nucleus, there is a nuclear envelope; within this, there is a nucleolus and set of chromosomes. Chromosomes get a hold onto all the genetic data. Every chromosome is built up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Gene can be stated as the division of several parts of chromosomes. Alleles can is demonstrated as the plausibility of gene aggregation for one property and distinct alleles constitute a gene. For instance, consider a gene for eye color and the various prospects of alleles are brown, black, green, and blue. A gene pool can be stated as the set of all the probable alleles incorporate in a population. The gene pool can regulate all the probable divergence for upcoming generations.
IoE-Based Genetic Algorithms and Their Requisition
Published in Suhel Ahmad Khan, Rajeev Kumar, Omprakash Kaiwartya, Mohammad Faisal, Raees Ahmad Khan, Computational Intelligent Security in Wireless Communications, 2022
Neeraj Kumar Rathore, Shubhangi Pande
In a biological sense, the smallest unit of life is a human/animal cell. The cell nucleus can be demonstrated as the center of the cell. The information related to genetics is stored in the cell nucleus. In the nucleus, there is a nuclear envelope, within this, there is a nucleolus and a set of chromosomes. Chromosomes hold on to all the genetic data. Every chromosome is built up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes can be stated as the division of several parts of chromosomes. Alleles can be demonstrated as the plausibility of gene aggregation for one property, and distinct alleles constitute a gene. Take into account a gene that determines eye color, and the numerous allele possibilities are brown, black, green, and blue. A gene pool is defined as the collection of all possible alleles found in a population. The gene pool can regulate all the probable divergence for upcoming generations [3–15].
Evolution of Current and Future Concepts of Biocompatibility Testing
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
Another assay, popular for the detection of chromosomal aberrations, is the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test. From the bone marrow of mice, erythroblasts are isolated and these cells are treated with the test material. When the cells subsequently divide, only unaffected cells will give rise to two daughter cells with the entire chromosomal DNA in the nucleus. When however either the chromosomes or the mitotic apparatus gets damaged, small parts of chromosomes will be localized outside of the main nucleus in a so-called secondary nucleus, or the micronucleus. This micronucleus will remain present in the cells that will develop to form erythrocytes. These red blood cells normally do not contain a nucleus, but formed micronuclei will remain present and can be easily identified by staining for DNA. The number of erythrocytes with micronucleus is a direct measure for the mutagenicity of the test material or chemical.
Fabrication of polymer-based self-assembly nanocarriers loaded with a crizotinib and gemcitabine: potential therapeutics for the treatment of endometrial cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Jiaolin Yang, Hongrui Guo, Jing Lei, Sanyuan Zhang, Shaoguo Zhang, Jirong Bai, Sufen Li
Chromatin condensation and damaged nuclei are critical features of apoptosis. DAPI is an adenine-thymine (AT) rich region of DNA cell-permeating nuclear counterstains that generate blue fluorescence. This dye was made to visualize the change in nuclear morphology. To this effect, free CRZ and free GEM, and CRZ@GEM-NPs for 24 h incubation at IC30 concentrations (Figure 6). After 24 h, relative fluorescence of the cells treated has increased considerably compared to untreated (control cells) due to chromatin condensation, damaged nuclei and the presence of apoptotic cells (Figure 6). After 24 h treatment with CRZ@GEM-NPs shows that the considerably high cytoskeleton disintegration, plasma membrane blebbing, and cytological alterations were enhanced.
Effects of cadmium stress on the morphology, physiology, cellular ultrastructure, and BvHIPP24 gene expression of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Dali Liu, Zhuo Gao, Jiajia Li, Qi Yao, Wenbo Tan, Wang Xing, Zhenqiang Lu
Therefore, to further understand the cellular response of B. vulgaris to 0.5 mM Cd, the ultrastructure of leaf and root cells was observed. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, regulating cell growth and differentiation. The structure of the nucleus and nucleolus is closely related to the metabolic activity of the cell. Under Cd stress, the nucleolus in the B. vulgaris leaves shrank, the volume decreased, and the nucleus around the nucleolus became loose. The nuclear damage to roots was more obvious, and the nucleolus almost disappeared. Since the roots were directly exposed to Cd, the cytotoxicity in root cells was more serious. It was previously reported that Cd can substantially damage the cell structure of sweet potato roots, and the organelles and nucleus were destroyed (Lai et al.2021). At the same time, the mitochondrial cristae in the leaf cells were disordered and unclear, and they were seriously damaged in roots, with degraded outer membranes, a reduction in cristae, and hollowed inner cavities. Mitochondria are the site of oxidative metabolism in eukaryotes and play a key role in sugar metabolism and free radical metabolism. Mitochondrial damage will eventually hinder the respiration of plants, leading to plant senescence. There were more dense particles deposited in the B. vulgaris cytoplasm, and plasmolysis occurred under Cd stress. The increase in electron-dense particles under heavy metal stress may be due to cell detoxification (Einicker-Lamas et al.2002; Ge et al.2012). Chloroplasts are closely related to photosynthesis and are relatively sensitive to heavy metals, so chloroplast damage can affect photosynthetic electron transport. Under Cd stress, chloroplasts in B. vulgaris leaves were swollen, the stromal lamellae were distorted, the volume of starch granules increased to occupy a large proportion of the chloroplast, and the number of starch granules decreased. The increase in osmophilic granules indicated that the chloroplast structure was damaged after Cd stress and could not be normally degraded. Studies have shown that chloroplasts of pak choi and tomato under Cd stress were significantly changed in the structure of thylakoids (Khan et al.2020). Under Cd stress, excessive MDA content in the plant can produce toxic effects on mitochondria and chloroplasts and interfere with the normal growth of the plant (Çelekli et al.2013), which we also confirmed in our observation of ultrastructural changes.