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Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
In synovial joints the ends of the adjacent bones are covered with hyaline articular cartilage and lubricated by synovial fluid. The whole joint, with the fluid, is enclosed in a fibrous bubble called a joint capsule. Synovial joints are the most common joint type in the body and are the most mobile. There are several types of synovial joints which differ in geometry and function: ball-and-socket, condylar, plane, saddle, hinge, and pivot. See Figures 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6 for illustrations of these joints. Learning the basic function and locations of each type is useful for designers because the joints must be considered when accommodating motion in a product.
The Modulation of IL-6 Levels by Natural Products in Arthritis-Like Animal Models
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Fabiolla R.S. Passos, Marilia M. Rezende, Sathiyabama R. Gandhi, Bruno A.F. Silva, Andreza G.B. Ramos, Irwin R.A. Menezes, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Jullyana S.S. Quintans
Arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that leads to damage of synovial joints (Correa et al., 2016). The search for successful management options for arthritis is still on-going, despite the availability of many synthetic anti-arthritic medications. The existing therapies include NSAIDs, corticosteroids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs); however, many of the current treatments have dramatic adverse effects or are very expensive. Therefore, new drug candidates from NPs, with potentially reduced and fewer side effects, are being scientifically evaluated in studies worldwide as part of the search for an alternative approach to treat arthritic inflammation (Kumar et al., 2016).
Joint Lubrication
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Special note is also made of two researchers, Swann and Sokolo, who considered biochemistry as an important factor in synovial joint lubrication. Swann et al. very carefully isolated fractions of bovine synovial uid using sequential sedimentation techniques and gel permeation chromatography. ey found a high molecular weight glycoprotein to be the major constituent in the articular lubrication fraction from bovine synovial uid and called this LGP-I (from lubricating glycoprotein). is was based on friction measurements using cartilage in sliding contact against a glass disc. An excellent summary of this work with additional references is presented in a chapter by Swann in The Joints and Synovial Fluid: I [6].
Parametric Numerical Study of Turbulent Airflow in a Wavy Channel Under Pulsatile Conditions
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2023
Zekeriya Parlak, Nezaket Parlak, Yaşar Islamoğlu, Ufuk Durmaz
Today, the importance of efficient energy conversion and management is increasing rapidly due to global warming. Concordantly, many researchers are interested in improving the efficiency and capability of the heat sinks, heat exchangers, and so many energy applications by increasing the heat transfer coefficient. There are many techniques known as passive or active methods to increase heat transfer by convection. It is known that the corrugated or wavy channel structures, which have recently been used frequently in heat exchangers, improve heat transfer as a passive method [1–4]. Pulsatile flow is one of the active techniques used to increase heat transfer and reduce pressure drop in cooling applications [5–8]. Pulsatile flows are also an important research topic in the medical field [9–11]. For example, blood analysis in artificial kidneys, blood pumping in arteries limited by endothelium, fluid flow in synovial joint surrounded by cartilage, non-Newtonian fluid flow through porous channels. In biofluid mechanics, the Womersley dimensionless number expresses the pulsatile flow frequency, which is the ratio of the transient inertial force to the viscous force.
Compressive stress relaxation behavior of articular cartilage and its effects on fluid pressure and solid displacement due to non-Newtonian flow
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Our hope is to provide an insight into the compression stress-relaxation behavior of articular cartilage as well as footsteps to explore non-Newtonian fluid properties involved in such a mechanism. Although an effort was already made to understand the non-Newtonian fluid properties between the flow behavior in the contact gap which not only plays an essential role in synovial joint lubrication but also for a variety of bio-inspired industrial as agriculture systems (Liao et al. 2019). Here, the generalized Newtonian constitutive equations were used to apprehend the non-Newtonian behavior of synovial fluid along with a tri-linear model for viscosity in which the shear-thinning was approximated by a power-law equation between zero shear viscosity and infinite shear viscosity that we generalize using power-law fluid in our case. In the next paragraph we outline few non-Newtonian models and their applications.
The hip joint as an egg shape: a comprehensive study of femoral and acetabular morphologies
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
Daniel Simões Lopes, Sara M. Pires, Carolina D. Barata, Vasco V. Mascarenhas, Joaquim A. Jorge
According to the standard classification of synovial joints (Rouvière et al. 2005), the hip articulation falls under the classification of spheroidal joints given its visual similarities to a sphere or a hemisphere. In fact, the articular surfaces of this joint (i.e. femoral head and acetabular cavity) were regarded as being best represented by the spherical shape for a considerable amount of time, and this view has not yet fallen completely in disuse (Rouvière et al. 2005; Williams et al. 2010). Nevertheless, there have been studies contradicting this belief (MacConaill 1966, 1973; Menschik 1997; Kang 2004; Kang et al. 2010; Standring 2015; Lopes et al. 2018). It has long been suggested that the articular surfaces of asymptomatic hip joints are only symmetric in a limited number of axes, presenting an egg-like or ovoidal shape instead of a spherical one. Attributing an egg shape to a synovial joint is known as MacConaill’s ovoidal joint classification (MacConaill 1966, 1973; Standring 2015).