Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Potential of Medicinal Plants with Anti-Proteus Activity for the Treatment (and Prevention) of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Kailas L. Wasewar, Sumita Neti Rao, Sustainable Engineering, Energy, and the Environment, 2022
Alefiyah S. Bohra, S. R. Gupta, A. P. Kopulwar
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammation at various synovial joints, which is evident by joint swelling, stiffness, deformity, and extreme pain [4]. Morning stiffness which is the symptom of other types of arthritis called osteoarthritis, it wears off within 30 minutes of getting up, but this lasts longer in RA patients. The exact cause of this disease is still unknown; however, the immune system is known to conciliate the progression of synovial diseased joints in RA [2]. RA is an autoimmune disorder, which means our immune system attacks its own healthy cells. In this case, synovial cells are auto immunized resulting in the synovial membrane swelling, hence promotes various causes. The most involved joints in RA are the MCP and PIP joints of the hands, wrists, and MTP joints of the feet [5]. Inflammation and following destruction in synovial joints are kinds of hallmark of RA. It involves interaction between T and B cells, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, synovial fibroblasts, and dendritic cells. The cell-to-cell interaction is either directly through cell-cell contact or via cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-1, and IL-6.
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
In synovial joints the ends of the adjacent bones are covered with hyaline articular cartilage and lubricated by synovial fluid. The whole joint, with the fluid, is enclosed in a fibrous bubble called a joint capsule. Synovial joints are the most common joint type in the body and are the most mobile. There are several types of synovial joints which differ in geometry and function: ball-and-socket, condylar, plane, saddle, hinge, and pivot. See Figures 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6 for illustrations of these joints. Learning the basic function and locations of each type is useful for designers because the joints must be considered when accommodating motion in a product.
Joint Lubrication
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Special note is also made of two researchers, Swann and Sokolo, who considered biochemistry as an important factor in synovial joint lubrication. Swann et al. very carefully isolated fractions of bovine synovial uid using sequential sedimentation techniques and gel permeation chromatography. ey found a high molecular weight glycoprotein to be the major constituent in the articular lubrication fraction from bovine synovial uid and called this LGP-I (from lubricating glycoprotein). is was based on friction measurements using cartilage in sliding contact against a glass disc. An excellent summary of this work with additional references is presented in a chapter by Swann in The Joints and Synovial Fluid: I [6].
Biomechanical effects of high acceleration on the temporomandibular joint
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Haotian Luo, Jingheng Shu, Zhan Liu
Articular cartilage is very important for maintaining normal joint activities and excessive stress on the cartilages increases the risk of damage, resulting in nutrient loss or structural damage to the synovial joints (Kim et al. 1991). In the bilateral TMJs of Gy-left and Gy-right models, the maximum contact stresses on the temporal and condylar cartilages were greater than Gy-left-low and Gy-right-low (Figures 3 and 4). The increase of contact stress in the TMJ leads to the increase of tensile stress in the disc according to previous studies (Shu et al. 2019), consistent with the results in this study. The initial damage of the synovial membrane does not affect the structure of the TMJ and could be reversibly recovered (Brittberg et al. 1996). However, with the continuous improvement of fighter aircraft performance, the pilots are subjected to more and more lateral acceleration, so it is difficult to repair the damaged condylar cartilage of the pilots. Friction might be caused by the relative movement within the TMJ under accelerations, and the relevant studies have proved that the friction in TMJ was closely related to disc displacement and osteoarthritis (Juniper 1984, 1987; Nitzan 1994). Therefore, the friction generated by stronger contact in Gy-left and Gy-right might lead to more serious TMJ symptoms.