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Materials with Magnetic-X Effects
Published in Chen Wu, Jiaying Jin, Frontiers in Magnetic Materials, 2023
Magnetostrictive actuators with high energy density and intrinsic robustness boost the applications in smart materials and devices, such as micropositioning, micro- or inchworm-motors, active vibration control and micro-pumps. According to Table 13.1, Terfenol-D with high λ and high output may deliver sufficiently high displacement and force simultaneously, while Galfenol with relatively lower λ is more suitable for micro-electromechanical systems. Magnetostrictive materials are also widely used in vibration energy harvesters, with the related mechanism displayed in Figure 13.6. The magneto-mechanical coupling of magnetostrictive material transforms the mechanical energy into the magnetic energy, which is then converted into the electrical energy through the electromagnetic coupling (Deng and Dapino, 2017). Magnetostrictive materials may also be used for interdisciplinary fields such as bio-sensing for the detection of bacterial spores, proteins, classical swine fever and COVID-19 (Narita et al., 2021). Continuous and in-depth research is encouraging to apply novel magnetostrictive materials for more emerging nanotechnologies.
Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
Natural bicyclic monoterpenoids such as (±)-camphor (Table 8.1) have been chosen as promising starting materials for synthesizing new antiviral compounds. The 1-norbornylamines (Table 8.1) have been shown to exhibit satisfactory inhibitory effects against IAV, whereas its effects against the African swine fever virus were comparatively moderate (Martinez et al. 1995). Coumarins substituted with camphanic acid (Table 8.1), a novel class of compounds could be used as effective antiviral agents against both the wild-type and drug-resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) strains. The 3′ and 4′ camphanoyl groups were found to be critical in maintaining the high potency of this class of antivirals (Salakhutdinov et al. 2017; Xie et al. 2001).
Exploration of Extremophiles for Value-Added Products
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Surojit Bera, Trinetra Mukherjee, Subhabrata Das, Sandip Mondal, Suprabhat Mukherjee, Sagnik Chakraborty
Extremophiles are rich sources of biomolecules with diverse applications in biotechnology, nutrition, veterinary medicine, and human medicine. The best-studied and well-known are enzymes, particularly thermophile enzymes and, increasingly, psychrophiles, which are used in applications of all kinds in molecular biology. DNA polymerase from thermophiles, a cornerstone of PCR-based diagnostics for a wide variety of animal pathogens, is the most commonly recognized use of an extremophile drug in pharmaceutics. Thermophilic eubacterial microorganism Thermus aquaticus produces a thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme called Taq polymerase. These enzymes can withstand at 50—80°C, thus allowing the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in which double-stranded DNA is denatured at temperatures > 90°C and copied using DNA polymerase (Ishino and Ishino 2014). The creation of various forms of PCR and the availability of a variety of extremophile DNA polymerases has revolutionized human diagnostics and has allowed researchers to reveal comprehensive genomic information on many domestic and wild animal species. Real-time PCR has improved and simplified laboratory methods and has allowed researchers and clinicians to obtain more knowledge from laboratory-submitted specimens. Many significant animal viruses are detected using PCR (RT—PCR) reverse transcription technologies, including foot-and-mouth, swine fever, bluetongue, and the avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus (Hoffmann et al. 2009). PCR-based approaches are also used to identify associated animal viruses, equine parasites, new aquatic animal diagnostics, and parasite detection.
Global occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental aquatic matrices and its implications for sanitation and vulnerabilities in Brazil and developing countries
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Gleyson B. Castro, Aline C. Bernegossi, Bruno José de O. Sousa, Mara R. De Lima E Silva, Fernando R. Da Silva, Bárbara Luíza S. Freitas, Allan P. Ogura, Juliano J. Corbi
In previous studies, fungi and protozoa showed more resistance to ozone treatment compared to viruses and bacteria (Wen et al. 2020). Ozone inactivated Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts at concentrations greater than 3.0 mg L−1 for 7 min (Ran et al. 2010), while low ozone concentrations of 1.5 mg L−1 for 1 min damaged cell structures and genetic materials of chlorine-resistant bacteria, although spores showed more endurance to this process (Ding et al. 2019). Ozone improved conventional wastewater treatment by reducing viral concentrations to undetectable levels for several species, including adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, parechovirus, hepatitis E virus, astrovirus, pecovirus, picobirnavirus, parvovirus, and gokushovirus (Wang et al. 2018b). The African swine fever virus was efficiently inactivated in water by ozone with 5 mg L−1 within 1 min (Zhang, Luo et al. 2020). Regardless of the technique used, public investments in wastewater treatment to cover all types of communities are important to improve sanitation conditions.
Chlorine efficacy against bacteriophage Phi6, a surrogate for enveloped human viruses, on porous and non-porous surfaces at varying temperatures and humidity
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Gabrielle M. String, Yarmina Kamal, David M. Gute, Daniele S. Lantagne
The choice to use 0.5% NaOCl aligns with recommendations for chlorine disinfection in outbreak contexts, such as Ebola,[55] thus making it easier for responders to interpret these results in low-resource settings. Our results corroborate previous studies on the efficacy of 0.5% NaOCl against Phi6 on non-porous and porous surfaces as previously presented in the introduction section to this manuscript[13,18,20,21]. Additionally, chlorine has been found to be more efficacious on non-porous surfaces than porous surfaces[13,56,57]. While we observed that disinfection of porous surfaces was challenging, the efficacy of chlorine on wood was particularly irregular in this study. Challenges disinfecting bacteria and viruses on unpainted wood surfaces with chlorine have been noted previously, including differences between different wood species[13,38,58]. For instance, Krug et al. found 0.2% NaOCl could reduce foot-and-mouth disease virus on birch wood surfaces ≥4 log10, but not African swine fever virus.[59] Furthermore, on poplar wood surfaces exposed to 0.5% NaOCl, SARS-CoV-2 and MHV were reduced >4 log10 while Phi6 was reduced 0.59 log10 and MS2 reduced 3.92 log10[13]. This highlights the importance of surface specific disinfection efficacy testing and underlines the importance that surface type may have in inactivation of various viruses.
Double-quantitative decision rough set over two universes and application to African swine fever decision-making
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2021
Xiaoyuan Hu, Bingzhen Sun, Ting Wang, Chao Jiang
Nowadays, the research on ASF has attracted the attention of scholars in different fields. Hofmann et al. (1994) and Lowings et al. (1996) collected the nucleotide sequences of swine fever virus in the world and explored the genotypic classification of Swine fever virus. Li et al. (2011) also confirmed that the longer the sequence is, the better the differentiation of different strains when the virus is genotyped by sequence alignment. The whole E2 gene sequence was used to analyse the evolution of Classical swine fever virus. Li et al. (2012) and Ferndndez-Pinero et al. (2013) established a real-time detection method for by using a universal probe library. infection was quantitatively detected and identified. is the preferred serologic method for the diagnosis of ASF, which can detect serum and tissue fluid (OIE, 2008). Jin et al. (2014) and Dong et al. (2012) used genetic engineering to express African swine fever virus protein to establish indirect and competitive for antibody detection. At present, the research on ASF is mostly about virus gene research and vaccine development. However, there is no treatment for ASF, and all attempts to develop a vaccine have so far been unsuccessful. Prevention depends on ensuring that neither infected live pigs nor pig meat products are introduced into areas free of ASF. All successful eradication programmes have involved the rapid diagnosis, slaughter, and disposal of all animals on infected premises. Sanitary measures must also be applied and include control of movement and treatment of waste food. Subsequently, a serologic survey of all pig farms within a specific control zone must be conducted to ensure that all infected pigs have been identified. ASF does not always show complete clinical symptoms in practice. Clinical diagnosis is difficult to achieve in the early stages of the disease or when a few animals are infected. In the actual diagnosis process, acute ASF symptoms are easily confused with the symptoms of other diseases, including classic swine fever (), swine erysipelas, salmonellosis and other causes of sepsis. Clinical diagnosis of ASF is usually speculative. Therefore, the decision-making problem about ASF should be studied at the same time as gene research. That is, how to effectively identify the symptoms between ASF and common diseases, and timely control the spread of the epidemic. So as to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of early detection and ensure the healthy development of pig breeding industry.