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Localisable Alarms
Published in Neville A. Stanton, Judy Edworthy, Human Factors in Auditory Warnings, 2019
It could be argued that we are, primarily, visual creatures, and there is no doubt that we have a phenomenal accuracy when pinpointing a spatial visual signal (to a fraction of a degree); hence visual instruction for emergency egress should suffice. There are two arguments that can be used against the contention that visual signs alone are optimal for egress. Firstly, research has shown that the area of the brain that responds to spatial sensory information (the superior colliculus), which also initiates the response to the sensory stimulus, contains cells that respond to more than one sensory modality. These neurones respond to light by itself and also to sound alone. However, when light and sound are presented together, the response of these cells is far greater than the summation of the response to either modality alone (Stein and Meredith, 1993). In other words, to activate an individual to ‘flight’, a stimulus containing both light and sound will be far more effective than light or sound alone. Secondly, and most importantly, there are many situations in which our visual ability can be hampered, for example in the case of smoke or chemical fumes, or as a result of an inherent visual disability (Rutherford, 1997). In these instances it is imperative that an alternative modality be activated, and the use of sound is the obvious solution.
Augmenting Attention with Brain–Computer Interfaces
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar, Mikhail A. Lebedev
Several types of attentional mechanisms have been defined in the literature. Overt and covert attention refer to attentional reactions performed with and without eye movements, respectively. According to Rizzolatti’s premotor theory of attention (Rizzolatti et al. 1987), spatial attention (both overt and covert) is controlled by the same brain regions that move the eyes. The premotor theory of attention explains such overlap between the oculomotor and attentional areas in the following way: to produce overt shifts of attention, eye movements are first prepared and then executed; covert shifts of attention are also prepared by the same areas but not executed. Rizzolatti’s theory gained some support from the functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that demonstrated an overlap between the cortical regions activated during both covert and overt shifts of attention (de Haan et al. 2008). Moreover, neurons in the superior colliculus, the area responsible for generation of saccades (rapid eye movement from one fixation point to another), have been shown to be involved in both overt and covert shifts of attention (Ignashchenkova et al. 2004).
Vision System
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Aaron P. Batista and George D. Stetten
e superior colliculus comprises a small pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain. Aer the visual cortex, it is the other main recipient of projection from the LGN. Stimulation of the superior colliculus results in a contralateral saccadic eye movement. Output tracts from the superior colliculus run to areas that control eye, neck, and arm movements. e superior colliculus mediates our near-reexive eye and head movements, for example, our ability to duck a branch while walking at twilight before we even perceive it. e superior colliculus processes information from other sensory modalities as well as vision, allowing the eyes to quickly nd and follow targets based on visual, auditory, and tactile cues.
An emergent deep developmental model for auditory learning
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2020
Dongshu Wang, Yadong Zhang, Jianbin Xin
Studies have shown that the superior colliculus is also involved in the auditory system. In the brain, the auditory spatial receptive field is centred on the head, and each sensory mode forms a complete topological spatial distribution in the deep layer of the superior colliculus, so that neurons located in different parts of the superior colliculus can sense the corresponding spatial stimulus from the outside world (Royal, Juliane, Fister, & Wallace, 2010;)Yu, Xu, Rowland, & Stein, 2016). As one of the important structures of the midbrain, the superior colliculus can receive projections of multisensory information from the cortex and extensive areas under the cortex (Ghose & Wallace, 2014; May, 2006). Studies on multiple species have found that the superior colliculus can downward project multisensory information into several nerve nuclei to control the orientation of the eyes and ears (Sparks, 1986).
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of Quiet Eye: The role of microsaccades, small saccades and pupil-size before final movement initiation in a soccer penalty kick
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Alessandro Piras, Matthew Timmis, Aurelio Trofè, Milena Raffi
Particular attention should be directed toward pupil dilation, given that no research has investigated its role during the prediction of a sport action. To our knowledge, only two studies have analysed pupillometry during a sport action. Campbell et al. (2019) highlighted that golfers showed high and consistent pupil dilations during the putting tasks, and Moran et al. (2016) highlighted that pupillometry can be used to identify skill-based differences in attentional effort during QE in equestrian performers viewing a video-based show-jumping sequence. In the current study, we demonstrated that multisensory integration between stimulus-response influenced these ocular movements. Larger pupil dilation and microsaccade inhibition, as well as saccade response, were observed when a complex visual stimulus was projected to our participants and aligned in space and time with their motor response. The pupil dilates prior to saccade initiation, and this increase in pupil size could increase visual sensitivity to optimise perceptual processes immediately after redirection of the eyes (Wang, Blohm, Huang, Boehnke, & Munoz, 2017). Pupil dilation, microsaccades and saccades occurrence are additional components of orienting, and both can be evoked and modulated following the appearance of relevant stimuli (Corneil & Munoz, 2014; Wang & Munoz, 2015). Moreover, Wang, Boehnke, White, and Munoz (2012) found the central role of the superior colliculus on pupil dilation and microsaccade generation through recording on single neurons. Because the superior colliculus is importantly involved in both multisensory integration and initiation of the orienting response (Corneil & Munoz, 2014), our results implicate the superior colliculus in coordinating such behaviour. In the current study, the presentation of a salient stimulus has produced a series of coordinated eye movements, between small saccades, microsaccades and pupil dilatation, with the intention to orient the body towards the predictive timing task.