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Outdoor Air Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
An example of how the brain demonstrates its ability to handle its waste is shown by Nedergaard1: This physiologic process is a prime example of neuroanatomy and physiology which differs from the rest of the body. The brain has just been found to have lymphatics but these physiologies have aberrations and other pathways to remove toxic fluids to join the lymphatics in the neck to eliminate wastes. This anatomy apparently disturbs the chemically sensitive physiology, making it more difficult to obtain and maintain homeostasis. It shows an intracellular and extracellular lymphatic pathway that is stressed by common pollutants and how it must be functioning and responding to incitant(s) entry. This particular physiology only shows the brain's anatomy and physiology plus both blood and lymphatics of the rest of the body are well known as to how they handle, metabolize, and park pollutants. The brain has drainage to the lymphatic system as described in the following paragraphs.
FUS-Mediated Image-Guided Neuromodulation of the Brain
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Seung-Schik Yoo, Wonhye Lee, Ferenc A. Jolesz
Single-element or phased-array FUS systems that operate in low fundamental ultrasonic frequencies (<1 MHz; for clinical ultrasonic imagers, a higher range of 1–15 MHz is used) were developed and subsequently enabled TcMRgFUS (Figure 23.1) for overcoming the challenges of ultrasound transcranial applications such as ultrasonic absorption, refraction, and reflection at the skull. Phased-array FUS systems having more than 1000 transducer elements have been developed in a helmet-like configuration (Song and Hynynen 2009). In applying the phased-array system, the computed tomography (CT) data of the head are used to provide information on skull structure specific to the individual and used for beam focusing by correcting for the phase/amplitude aberration introduced by the skull while MRI provides information on brain neuroanatomy and the tissue temperature using MR thermometry (Rieke and Pauly 2008). The system allowed for the transcranial application of high-intensity FUS (HIFU) and subsequent thermal brain tissue ablations, all under accurate neuroanatomical targeting. The technique was deployed for the functional neurosurgery of essential tremor (Elias et al. 2013) and neuropathic pain (Martin et al. 2009) by ablating regional structures in the thalamus.
Digital Image Processing and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in the Basic Neurosciences
Published in Rangachar Kasturi, Mohan M. Trivedi, Image Analysis Applications, 2020
Cytoarchitectonics is a branch of neuroanatomy concerned with the regional organization of the nervous system, based on local properties such as cell shape, size, and orientation. Region boundaries correspond to changes in these properties observed by histochemical staining of serial tissue sections. The regional organization of the brain thus observed can be related to local functional roles and to structural changes occurring during development and during the course of a disease. In the past, cytoarchi-tectonic studies were qualitative computations of the variation in staining throughout the brain. Recently, digital image processing methods have been employed to give these observations a quantitative basis.
Don’t stop focusing when it gets harder! The positive effects of focused attention on affective experience at high intensities
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Julia Limmeroth, Linda Schücker, Norbert Hagemann
Referring to the last-mentioned aspect, the dual-mode model by Ekkekakis (2003) proposes that, first, there exist interindividual variability in affective responses to different exercise intensities. Therefore, it is crucial to determine whether individuals who perceive exercise as very exhausting link it to negative affective experiences but if they perceive effort as not too intense then they connect it to positive affective experiences (Razon et al., 2018). Thus, people would be less likely to repeat their exercise behaviour in the future if they perceive exercise as not pleasurable because of exercise intensity that is too high (Lind et al., 2009). Second, this theory provides a better understanding of the interaction of cognitive processes and interoceptive cues1Studies from the field of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology indicate that interoceptive cues, such as afferents from, for example, baroreceptors or chemoreceptors and interoceptors in muscles etc., reach areas of the brain linked to affective responses (Ekkekakis et al., 2004). influenced by specific metabolic demands, which determines affective responses to exercise (Parfitt & Hughes, 2009). Based on assumptions by Ekkekakis et al. (2005), the cognitive appraisal process varies between individuals and can be influenced by, for example, (social) context, goal achievement, self-efficacy, and personality.
The changing scope of Optometry in New Zealand: historical perspectives, current practice and research advances
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2019
Joanna M. Black, Robert J. Jacobs, John R. Phillips, Monica L. Acosta
Assessment of sensory neurons and reflex motor responses is a continuing part of a routine eye exam as the visual pathways and the function of the cranial nerves are assessed. Directly and indirectly each eye examination includes a review of the basic neuroanatomy that connects the eyes with the brain. Recently, numerous animal model studies (Du et al. 2015) and clinical longitudinal patient follow up (Chang et al. 2019) projects within the school have established links between structural changes in the retina and pre-clinical cognitive decline in otherwise healthy participants. Researchers in New Zealand and overseas have attributed these changes to multiple causes, including possible brain pathologies highlighting the potential for retinal imaging and vision testing to become clinical tools for early diagnosis (Chang et al. 2014; Kersten et al. 2015; Dakin and Turnbull 2016; Kersten et al. 2016; Chang et al. 2019; Ryan et al. 2018) of a variety of neurological conditions (Tibber et al. 2015).
Cognitive-motor dual-task ability of athletes with and without intellectual impairment
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Debbie Van Biesen, Lore Jacobs, Katina McCulloch, Luc Janssens, Yves C. Vanlandewijck
The present study was the first to apply the cognitive-motor DT paradigm to a large and unique sample of well-trained athletes with and without II. Some limitations to the present study need to be addressed. When comparing balance control between ST and DT conditions, it is important to keep in mind that the protocol was not identical, as several trials of 10 s were provided in the DT condition, and one trial of 60 s in the ST condition, later normalised to 10 s for comparison. It was not the aim of the present study to find out which parts of the brain were involved in cognitive-motor DT. However, subsequent research concerning neuroanatomy and brain imaging (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging) should be considered. Another suggestion for further research is to compare the cognitive-motor dual-task ability between athletes with II and non-sportive individuals with II. That type of research design will provide insight into the potential impact of sport expertise on cognitive and motor performance.