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Tactile Sensors for Electronic Skin
Published in Yallup Kevin, Basiricò Laura, Iniewski Kris, Sensors for Diagnostics and Monitoring, 2018
Fabrizio A. Viola, Pierro Cosseddu
The skin (cutaneous system) is the largest organ in the human body and is a very important part of the tactile system; it performs the functions of protecting the body from bacteria, viruses, and potentially damage by external substances; thermoregulation (i.e., the ability to adapt our body to a great diversity of climates, including hot-humid, hot-arid, and warm), it helps to maintain our structural integrity and it achieves the function of sensation. These functions are enabled by a complex network of sensors (i.e., somatosensory neurons or tactile receptors) receiving specific inputs from the surrounding environment about object properties such as size, roughness, softness, temperature, and so on. The skin consists of different layers: the subcutaneous tissue (also called hypodermis or subcutis), the dermis, and the epidermis.
Light safety
Published in Pablo Artal, Handbook of Visual Optics, 2017
The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat and connective tissue that houses larger blood vessels and nerves. This layer is important in the regulation of temperature of the skin itself and the body. The size of this layer varies throughout the body and from person to person.
Biological Effects: Why We Care About Laser Exposure
Published in Ken Barat, Laser Safety Management, 2017
The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat and connective tissue that houses larger blood vessels and nerves. This layer is important in the regulation of temperature of the skin and the body. The size of this layer varies throughout the body and from person to person.
Asymptotic analysis of transient heating on the triple-layered skin tissue with temperature dependent blood perfusion rate
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2021
Ying Ze Wang, Mei Jun Li, Dong Liu
As shown in Figure 1, the skin with lots of living cells generalized consists of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue [34]. Given its various material properties in a different region, an idealized skin model with a triple-layered structure, as shown in Figure 2, is employed in the following analysis. Here supposing a transient heat flux is applied on its outer surface at time , while the bottom boundary of the hypodermis is assumed to be thermally insulated. The thickness of the skin tissue is and its initial temperature equal to constant for the negligible effect of convective heat transfer to the surrounding air [2]. The thermal properties of skin tissue, including the mass density , the thermal conductivity , and the specific heat are uniform but different from one layer to another, meanwhile the blood perfusion rate is temperature-dependent.
The effect of moisture content within multilayer protective clothing on protection from radiation and steam
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Figure 4(b) shows that overall skin burn severity at the dermis–subcutaneous tissue interface was less than that at the epidermis–dermis interface. When the exposure time was controlled within 150.0 s, the damage of skin tissue from the external hot environment could be ignored. Skin burn degree curves for four moisture contents demonstrate three intersections: 161.4, 179.7 and 271.8 s. The fabric system with more moisture content corresponded to the more severe skin burn. When the exposure duration was shorter than 271.8 s, the fabric system with 8.0 g water showed worse thermal protection. When exposure was longer than 271.8 s, the fabric system with 16.0 g water exhibited the lowest thermal protective performance. When the time to produce third-degree burns was within 271.8 s (see Figure 2), the shortest third-degree burn time was when the fabric system was wetted using 8.0 g distilled water. In addition, lower moisture content still reduced skin burns at the dermis–subcutaneous tissue interface, which was similar to skin burns at the epidermis–dermis interface. When the exposure time was within 161.4 s, the thermal protection provided by the fabric system with 2.5 g water was much worse than for the fabric system with 0.0 and 16.0 g water. With increased heat exposure time, the related thermal protection was superior to the fabric systems of 0.0 and 16.0 g. Thus, the passive effect of increased moisture content on the thermal protective performance is more apparent for longer exposures on a fabric system.
Biomechanical characteristics of puffer skin for flexible surface drag reduction
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2021
Honggen Zhou, Di Shen, Guizhong Tian, Jie Cui, Changfeng Jia
Puffer has migratory characteristics and the puffer skin is scaleless and has bone spines. The puffer skin has ideal elasticity during migration, the skin can fluctuate with the water flow. The size and order of bone spines distributed on the skin surface will also have a great influence on the effects of drag reduction. The puffer skin is a lightweight composite material, which is divided into three layers, i.e., the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The average thicknesses of epidermis, derms and subcutaneous are 21.5 µm, 798 µm and 16.5 µm [16], respectively.