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Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Published in Yaser Dahman, Biomaterials Science and Technology, 2019
The ability of bone to remodel, along with the capacity of bone tissue to heal and regenerate following damage, supports the concept of a stem cell population within post-natal bone marrow. Bone marrow consists of hematopoietic and stromal compartments, and it has long been acknowledged as a source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Bone marrow cell suspensions include both HSCs and stromal cells. Stromal cells form stromal tissue which tends to function as a scaffold, composed of a cell network that provides physical and functional support to HSCs. Stromal cells are able to adhere to tissue culture plastic, while extraction of HSCs is made easier by the fact that they are non-adherent and can be readily removed from stromal cell cultures by simple washes (Black et al., 2015).
Polymeric Membranes for Biomedical and Biotechnology Applications
Published in Chandan Das, Kibrom Alebel Gebru, Polymeric Membrane Synthesis, Modification, and Applications, 2018
Chandan Das, Kibrom Alebel Gebru
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical stromal components intimately involved with the progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. A malignant tumor is more than a single, mutated cell population replicating without regard to the otherwise healthy tissue within which it resides. Rather, the surrounding stroma maintains a dynamic relationship with the tumor, through which it is intimately involved in cancer initiation, growth, and progression [232]. Furthermore, cellular components of the tumor stroma include fibroblasts, myofibro blasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, macrophages, and a variety of inflammatory cells. Therefore, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are a macrophage subset that drew early interest due to histological observations of tumor infiltration. Macrophage content in human tumors varies from 50–80%, with one study in breast cancer quantifying infiltration as 490 and 343 macrophages/mm2 for medullary carcinomas and ductal carcinomas, respectively [233]. Therefore, a detailed study of tumor development and its growth environment benefits enhance the management of drugs and the testing of new medicines.
Shape Matters: Understanding the Breast through 3D Tissue Culture Models
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Lucia Speroni, Ana M. Soto, Carlos Sonnenschein
The mammary gland is made up of two main tissue types, namely, (1) the parenchyma, represented by the epithelial cells, whose function is to generate milk to nourish the growing newborn and (2) the stroma which surrounds the glandular epithelium. The bilayered epithelium is comprised of luminal cuboidal epithelial cells and basally located myoepithelial cells. The stroma or connective tissue surrounding the epithelium is composed of various cell types (fibroblasts, adipocytes, and immune cells), blood vessels, nerves, and an extracellular fibrous matrix of which the main component is collagen (Howard and Gusterson 2000; Masso-Welch et al. 2000; Richert et al. 2000). In cycling adults, at the distal end of the small ductal tree, there are lobules composed of sacs or alveoli where milk is produced in response to hormonal cues. In human and primates, these structures are called terminal ductal lobular units and are the sites were breast tumors commonly develop starting as intraductal hyperplasia (Wellings et al. 1975). Throughout development, reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and the stroma are responsible for the phenotype of mammary glands. Perturbations of epithelial–stromal interactions can cause normal mammary gland development to go awry, leading to the eventual formation of tumors (Maffini et al. 2004).
Research on preparation and antitumor activity of redox-responsive polymer micelles co-loaded with sorafenib and curcumin
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Fangshu Liu, Lei Meng, Heran Wang, Chenchen Du, Jiaying Zhu, Qian Xiong, Weitong Sun
With a view to breaking the stromal barrier, improving the treatment effect and reducing the side effect of anticancer drugs. A novel SAF/CUR-PSP polymeric micelle was developed based on the synthesized reduction-responsive polymeric carrier mPEG-SS-PLA. The CI values of SAF and CUR were calculated by Calcusyn software to be the lowest at 1:2 ratio with strong synergistic effect. The micelles prepared by the film hydration method have small particle size, high encapsulation rate and drug loading capacity, good biocompatibility and reduction-responsive release characteristics. In vitro cellular assays indicated that SAF/CUR-PSP micelles released more drugs inside tumor cells, and the combination of SAF and CUR showed better therapeutic effects compared with SAF or CUR alone. Moreover, CUR potentiated the drug sensitivity of SAF through inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and thus enhanced the antitumor effect of SAF, which had a synergistic effect with SAF. The inhibition of tumor growth by SAF/CUR-PSP was further demonstrated to superior to sorafenib, curcumin monotherapy or both combination therapy by HepG2-induced tumor transplantation model. Thus, the SAF/CUR-PSP drug delivery system can provide a promising platform for the co-delivery of multiple anti-cancer drugs to achieve combination therapy, providing a potentially effective strategy for improving the treatment efficacy of HCC.
Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activities of Lophira procera A. Chev. (Ochnaceae) medicinal plant from Gabon
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Rick-Leonid Ngoua-Meye-Misso, Cédric Sima-Obiang, Jean De La Croix Ndong, Joseph Privat Ondo, Felix Ovono Abessolo, Louis-Clément Obame-Engonga
Angiogenesis is a process of formation of new vessels from arterial vascularization created by endothelial cells. It is essential for the continuous growth of the tumor because it supplies the tumor with nutrients and oxygen, and eliminates cellular waste, which can be toxic to cancer cells [8]. Inflammatory cells and soluble factors are present in all tumors. Signs of “burning” inflammation that include tissue remodeling, angiogenesis and other wound healing characteristics are usually used by pathologists as morphological indices of invasive cancer. Recent evidence demonstrates that these stromal processes play a fundamental role in the development and progression of cancer and, at least in some cases, can predict the clinical behavior of cancer better than the characteristics of neoplastic cells themselves [9]. There are biomolecules present in plants that can neutralize ROS [10,11] , prevent inflammation and inhibit tumor angiogenesis [11,12] to finally kill the tumor cells. Also, the plants have been at the origin of many active molecules having shown their effectiveness in the treatment of different cancers, such as breast, ovary and lung treat taxol (paclitaxel) which comes from the bark of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia).