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Design of Highly Compact and Cost-Effective Water Purification Systems for Promoting Rural and Urban Welfare
Published in Sundergopal Sridhar, Membrane Technology, 2018
B. Govardhan, Y.V.L. Ravikumar, Sankaracharya M. Sutar, Sundergopal Sridhar
Total Coliform bacteria (TC) are a group of bacteria that are regularly present in environmental (surface) waters. Fecal coliform (FC) and E. coli are a sub-group of TC that are more associated with feces of humans and warm-blooded animals. The presence of FC or E. coli can indicate contamination of water supplies resulting in an increased risk of waterborne pathogens. Bacterial indicators for TC and E. coli are valuable in assessing the performance of drinking water treatment processes and the integrity of distribution systems. In E. coli analysis, samples which are to be tested are collected in clean vials without any contamination. Required amount of fresh EMB Agar solution is prepared using distilled water and the solution is mixed thoroughly. The solution is kept in autoclave for 60 min for sterilization. The hot agar solution is poured in autoclaved Petri plates and is cooled. After the agar becomes solidified, different samples are taken and streaking is done using inoculation loops. Para film is wrapped around the Petri dish. These samples are kept in an incubator for 24 h for the growth of E. Coli, if present. If E. Coli have grown, then the water sample is not safe for drinking. In Figure 5.7 (b), the plates can be observed for the presence or absence of fluorescence indicative of TC and blue color indicating the presence of E. coli, or actual counts can be made to monitor distribution lines or the treatment method’s effectiveness. Furthermore, MI agar is capable of recovering E. coli from water samples containing high particulate concentrations and is less expensive than the liquid media containing chromogens and/or fluorogens.
Treatment of petroleum refinery sludge by petroleum degrading bacterium Stenotrophomonas pavanii IRB19 as an efficient novel technology
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Ipsita Dipamitra Behera, Geetanjali Basak, Ravi Ranjan Kumar, Ramkrishna Sen, Bhim Charan Meikap
The mineral salt medium was used for isolation of microorganism and for degradation of TPH in laboratory shakes flask culture condition. The composition of MSM was referred to Mukherji et al. with some modification (concentration in g L−1) KH2PO4 (0.17), K2HPO4 (0.435), Na2HPO4. 7H2O (0.668), NH4Cl (0.850), MgSO4.7H2O (0.0225), CaCl2.2H2O (0.0275) and FeCl3 (0.00025).[25] The hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial strain was isolated by the method of enrichment using sludge from IOCL., Haldia, West Bengal, India. One gram of sludge sample was added in a 250 mL conical flask containing 100 mL of MSM at initial pH 7 and incubated for 7 d in an incubator shaker at 37 °C and 120 rpm. One mL of culture medium was inoculated to 100 mL of freshly prepared MSM media in 7 d intervals. This process was consequently done for three times. On completion of consecutive three transfer processes dilution of the media was done from (10−1 to 10−5) in sterile distilled water and from the final dilution, 100 µL of aliquots was plated on MSM agar plates containing 0.5% petrol as a carbon source to get the bacterial colonies. In order to get the hydrocarbons degrading bacterial colonies, the plates were kept at 37 °C for 72 h. The streaking and re-streaking methods were implemented to get the isolated pure culture bacterial colony.
Determination of wax removal and viscosity reduction in crude oil treated by dominant bacteria
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2020
Weiqiang Wang, Shangshu Wu, Jing Cui, Xin Yu, Haijuan Zhang
The soil sample heavily polluted by the crude oil was collected from the area near the Liaohe Oilfield in Liaoning, China. Soil sample (5 g) was soaked in 100 mL of bacteria-free water, then 1 mL of supernatant was collected and added to 30 mL of the liquid paraffin medium. Then, the medium was cultured at 35 °C on a shaker incubator and rotated at 150 rpm for 12 hr, the solution in the conical flask became muddy. Subsequently, 1 mL of the fermentation liquid was evenly coated on the plate with LB solid medium and cultured at 35 °C for 24 hr. Isolated colonies with different morphologies were cultured in liquid paraffin medium for 12 hr. After bacterial growth, streaking was conducted repeatedly to obtain pure strains.