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Sources of Natural Polymers from Plants with Green Nanoparticles
Published in Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu, Krishna Mohan Poluri, Green Polymeric Nanocomposites, 2020
Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu, K. Chandrasekhar, Sweta Naik, Aditya L Toppo, Veena Thakur
Agar is a substance that is gelatinous and can be obtained from various sources, such as Gelidium amansii (Gelidaceae) and many further classes of red algae such as Gracilaria, and Pterocladia, as it is present in their cell walls in the form of structural carbohydrates.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Agar-Agar
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
Md Shahruzzaman, Shanta Biswas, Md Nurus Sakib, Papia Haque, Mohammed Mizanur Rahman, Abul K. Mallik
Several types of Agar are present among which, pharmaceutical agar, blood agar, sabouraud agar, chocolate agar, nutrient, and non-nutrient agar, tryptic soy agar, neomycin agar, etc. are most common. Pharmaceutical agar, as the name specifies, is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for laxatives, excipient ingredient in pills, tablets, and syrups, preparation of medicaments, and so on. This chapter gives an overview of the key features of inherent properties of Agar-Agar, their modification, with special attention to potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
Culture Media
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
When it is desirable to grow bacteria on a solid medium, a solidifying agent such as agar is added to the medium. Gelatin was the agent used initially, but obviously it could only be used at low temperatures. Agar is a complex polysaccharide derived from the marine alga, Gelidium, and it has long been used as a thickener in foods such as jellies, soups, and ice creams. Agar has some properties that make it valuable for microbiology. While many bacteria have the capability to break down gelatin and, thus, leave a useless liquid, very few microorganisms can break agar, so it remains a solid. Also important is the fact that agar melts at about the boiling point of the water but remains liquid until the temperature drops to 40°C.
Fruit juices act as biocatalysts in the efficient synthesis of potentially bioactive imidazoles
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Susheel Gulati, Rajvir Singh, Suman Sangwan
Solutions of 50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 150 µg/mL, and 200 µg/mL of the test compounds in DMSO were prepared. Agar powder (5 g) was put into boiling distilled water (1L) until it dissolved and then cooled down to 40–50°C. The solution (2 mL), containing test compounds and melting agar (18 mL), was mixed, and this mixture was added to a Petri dish with a 4.5 cm diameter. The agar plate without test compound was used as an untreated control. Then 15 seeds of Raphanus Sativus L. (Radish) were put on the surface of the agar plate. The Petri dishes were covered with glass lids, and the cultivation conditions were kept at 25 ± 1°C and 12 h in the light and 12 h in the dark alternating for seven days. Seven days later, the root lengths and shoot lengths of Raphanus sativus L. were measured. The growth inhibitory rate related to untreated control was determined by the given formula (31).
UV-light-driven photocatalytic degradation and antimicrobial properties of efficient ternary semiconductor CdxAg1–xS nanocomposites
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Dasari Ayodhya, Guttena Veerabhadram
All the synthesized samples were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against selected bacteria and fungi such as Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121) bacterial strains, and Aspergillus niger (MTCC-961), Candida albicans (MTCC-854) fungal strains. The paper disc technique was employed for antimicrobial activity using nutrient agar as the medium. The nutrient agar medium was inoculated with the test organisms. Then the agar medium was sterilized by autoclaving at a pressure of 15 psi and 120 °C temperature for 1 h. This medium was transferred into sterilized Petri dishes in a laminar air flow. The sterilized blank paper discs of 6 mm diameter were impregnated with test compounds and placed on the surface of the agar plates previously spread with 100 μL of the overnight culture of microorganisms. The incubation was carried out for 24 h at 35 °C. During this incubation period, the corresponding test solutions were diffused and the growth of the inoculated microorganisms was affected. Antibiotic disc, ampicillin, and ketoconazole (100 mg/disc) were used as positive controls for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. The plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and the resulting zones of inhibition (mm) were measured.
Adsorption of phosphates from water by two polymer-silicate composites
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2020
Kalpani E. H. Wijesinghe, Rasika E. A. Dissanayake, Sithy S. Iqbal, Namal Priyantha, Mohamed C. M. Iqbal
In this study two novel composites synthesized from organic materials (agar and alginate), and inert inorganic materials (feldspar and fly ash) were used to remove phosphates from the aqueous environment. The emphasis was to use commonly available natural material, which can be returned to the soil with the adsorbed phosphates. Agar is a polysaccharide obtained from algae (phylum Rhodophyta) (Duckworth and Yaphe 1971). The basic alternating repeating sequences are 1,3-linked β-D-galactopyranose and 1,4-linked 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose (Lahaye and Rochas 1991a). Agar is soluble in hot water (>60 °C) and solidifies on cooling (Lahaye and Rochas 1991a). Functional groups, such as SO3−, COOH, and OH are present in agar.