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Potential application of Bioactive Compounds from agroindustrial Waste in the Cosmetic Industry
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Francisca Rodrigues, Ana F. Vinha, M. Antónia Nunes, M. Beatriz P. P. Oliveira
Cellulose and derivatives detected in olive by-products are of huge importance for cosmetics. Due to its chemical structure, these compounds may act as functional ingredients in cosmetic formulations, by improving the physical and structural properties of hydration, oil-holding capacity, emulsion and oxidative stability, viscosity, texture, sensory characteristics and shelf-life of products (Elleuch et al. 2011, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez et al. 2014). On another hand, squalene shows several advantages for skin tissues, such as antioxidant properties at the cutaneous level against solar rays, acting as a biological filter of singlet oxygen (Micol et al. 2005). Besides, squalene may also act as a sink for highly lipophilic xenobiotics, promoting their elimination from the organism (Ghanbari et al. 2012). Concerning other interesting characteristics of squalene, emollient properties already described support their use as ingredients in dermo-protective creams and other cosmetic formulations for moisturizing or as emollients (Stavroulias and Panayiotou 2005).
Nanoemulsion Formulations for Tumor-Targeted Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Sandip B. Tiwari, Mansoor M. Amiji
Nanoemulsions contain oil phases, surfactants or emulsifiers, active pharmaceutical ingredients (drugs or diagnostic agents), and additives (Table 35.2).5,8–10 The oil phases are mainly natural or synthetic lipids, fatty acids, oils such as medium or long chain triglycerides, or perflurochemicals. Many oils, in particular, those of vegetable origin, are liable to auto-oxidation, and their use in pharmaceutical formulations requires the addition of an antioxidant. The most widely used oils for parenteral applications are purified soybean, corn, castor, peanut, cottonseed, sesame, and safflower oils. Table 35.1 lists some of the oils that can be used for formulating nanoemulsions. Squalene has been reported to be the choice of oil for formulating stable nanoemulsions with smallest droplet size.11 Squalene, biocompatible oil, is a linear hydrocarbon precursor of cholesterol found in many tissues, notably the livers of sharks (Squalus) and other fishes.12 Squalane, a derivative of squalene, is prepared by hydrogenation of squalene and is fully saturated that means that it is not subject to auto-oxidation, an important issue from a stability point of view. Purified mineral oil is used in some W/O emulsion preparations.10 Emulsified perflurochemicals are considered acceptable for intravenous application, and many formulations involving the use of perflurochemicals have reached the marketplace.13
Coconut Sprouts as Phytomedicine
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
S. Abiraami Valli, S. Uma Gowrie
From the GC-MS analysis, screening was done for the bioactive compounds related to the anti-ulcer property. Among the compounds screened, squalene was found to possess the anti-ulcer property. Squalene is a triterpenoid, which is an anti-ulcer and anti-cancer agent. Diclofenac sodium was used as the standard. The docking analysis of the squalene from the fresh methanol extract of the coconut sprouts (CM) showed docking scores of −7.7, −7.6, −7.5, and −7.3 (Figure 20.14) and standard diclofenac sodium showed docking scores of −7.5, −7.3, −7.1, and −6.8 (Figure 20.15). Maximum binding affinity was noted for squalene against Helicobacter pylori than the standard drug compound diclofenac sodium.
Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Anisomeles malabarica and Coldenia procumbens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Ramalingam Revathi, R. Akash, Ramasamy Mahadevi, Singaravel Sengottuvelu, Palanisamy Mohanraj, Natesan Vijayakumar, Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy, Mohammad Z. Ahmed, Shadab Kazmi, Ramamoorthy Kavitha
Benzyl beta-d-glucopyranoside was found to exert antibacterial and antifungal activities against a wide range of common bacterial and fungal pathogens similar to 4-cyclopropylnorcarane which exhibits significant % antibacterial activity (Raja Rajeswari, RamaLakshmi, and Muthuchelian 2011). Patchoulane has been recognized as it possesses significant actions as a plant growth inhibitor and thus utilized in herbicide formulation to control weeds in farming activities (Morimoto and Komai 2005). 15-Hydroxypentadecanoic acid was detected in a number of plant species and produces significant antioxidant, anti-cancer, and hypotensive properties (Enema et al. 2019). Similarly, diazoprogesterone was found to produce significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer and diuretic activities (Shunmuga Jothi, Uthayakumari, and Barathy 2015). Hexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester was shown to contain hemolytic and antioxidant properties and thus employed as a pesticide and flavoring agent (Tyagi and Agarwal 2017). Senthilkumar et al. (2006) noted that squalene demonstrated chemopreventive, antioxidative, and antitumor activities.
Optimisation of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Squalene from Amaranthus spp. Seeds
Published in Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 2019
María A. Lozano-Grande, Gloria Dávila-Ortiz, Jorge García-Dávila, Gabriel Ríos-Cortés, Eduardo Espitia-Rangel, Alma L. Martínez-Ayala
The common methods to extract squalene have been organic solvent (hexane, petroleum ether or chloroform), cold pressing or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide. Among these methods, SFE technology displays the best squalene yield from amaranth (21-310 mg·100 g−1 grain and 5.5–15.3% oil extract). Nonetheless, this procedure is laborious and time-consuming because of the extremely slow kinetics of the process. Also, it is expensive and complex for manipulation, as it requires finding the specific diffusivity conditions of the gas (He et al. 2003; Yamamoto and Hara 2012; Wejnerowska et al. 2013; Bojórquez-Velázquez et al. 2018).
Evaluation of the anti-oxidant property and cytotoxic potential of the metabolites extracted from the bacterial isolates from mangrove Forest and saltern regions of South India
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Subramanian Prathiba, Gurunathan Jayaraman
GC–MS of the extracts (10 mg/mL) indicated the presence of 43 metabolites. The metabolites were found to belong to different chemical classes and many of these were previously reported to have a wide range of biological activity. Gas chromatogram revealed the presence of several metabolites in the bacterial extracts (VITP21-32, VITPS3-18, VITPS5-28, VITPS7-21, VITPS12-23, VITPS14-20, VITPS16-17, the number after the hyphen indicating the total number of peaks observed in GC). However, only intense peaks were further analyzed by Mass spectrophotometer. The reverse number/similarity greater than 800 indicates that the mass spectrum obtained is a good match with the library spectrum.[34] From the spectral pattern matches it was concluded that squalene was produced by P. maritimus VITP21 and Bacillus VITPS12 (Figure 6); Methyl hexadeconate was produced by Bacillus VITPS7. Both these molecules have been previously reported to exhibit significant antioxidant activity[35,36] and therefore these could have contributed to the observed antioxidant activity of these bacterial extracts. The other metabolites that were identified based on the good reliability score are (a) 1-Decene, 3, 3, 4-trimethyl-, (b) heptacosanoic acid, methyl ester, (c) 2-propenoic acid, oxybis (methyl-2, 1-ethanediyl) ester and (d) trichloromethane. To scavenge free radical, the hydrogen from antioxidant is donated to reduce the stable free radical to a non-radical. The isoprene derivatives are strong free radical scavengers and these derivatives play an important role in the prevention of cancer.[37] Squalene, 3-Methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl) furan and methyl hexadeconate in the methanolic extracts can scavenge the free radicals and accordingly they help as supplements for the prevention of cancer. Squalene oil based formulation is also suggested as an adjuvant and a delivery system in targeting tumor antigens.[38] Squalene is also used to target the inhibition of anti-inflammatory pathways like p38, NFκB, COX, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β inhibitions in the prevention and treatment of cancer (Table 1).[17,28,39] It is evident that these two metabolites, Squalene and 3-Methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl) furan are identified in VITPS12, VITP21, and VITP21 extracts, respectively. In addition to the metabolites unraveled, the unidentified metabolites in the extracts could have also contributed to the observed antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.