China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Modes of Transmission of Coronavirus
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
Mohd. Faiz Saifi, Colin E. Evans, Neha Gupta
Host switching also takes place in between closely related or distantly related genes [60]. For example, HIV is transferred from chimpanzee to human because they are more related host that causes epidemics or spillover infection and another example is CoVs which are transmitted in between closely related animals such as from bats to human as well as to civets and other carnivores [60]. The entry of a virus into a new host is a key step in deciding the virus’s host specificity, and a shift in receptor binding will prevent the virus from communicating with the host [56]. SARS virus, for example, circulates in a bat reservoir but changes hosts when it comes into contact with humans or carnivorous angiotensin-converting enzyme two receptors [56].
Mathematical modeling and nonstandard finite difference scheme analysis for the environmental and spillover transmissions of Avian Influenza A model
Published in Dynamical Systems, 2021
A. Feukouo Fossi, J. Lubuma, C. Tadmon, B. Tsanou
In the present study, motivated by the biological papers [9,18,28], we build on the baseline mathematical model in [14], extend it and focus on the important, yet neglected role of aerosol on the transmission of AIV. We achieve this by considering the indirect transmission through the incorporation of a compartment for the concentration of free-living avian influenza A viruses in the soil of the poultry farms, generated by aerosols. We neglect the human-to-human transmission of the avian influenza A, because it is very rare. However, knowing that poultry-to-human transmission is also rare, but devastating, the incorporation of an additional indirect transmission route allows us to account for the spillover infection of AIV from poultry and environment to humans. Moreover, since the avian influenza A does not cause typical clinical signs in the infected poultry, we assume on the one hand that the poultry remains in incubation period without being identified as sick but being capable of transmitting the virus from poultry to human. On the other hand, the culling effect of infected poultry is not considered as it is not easy to identify the infected poultry. The resulted model is deeply analysed both theoretically and computationally. From the analytical perspectives, we established the threshold dynamic of the system and transcritical bifurcation using Lyapunov-LaSalle [23], Poincaré-Bendixson techniques and centre manifold approximation, respectively. Since the model is highly non-linear, as usual it can not be solved explicitly. Worse still, the powerful classical Runge–Kutta method failed to preserve the positivity of solutions [1,2]. Therefore, we overcome this by designing a non-standard finite difference scheme which is dynamically consistent with the continuous model [1,10,13,24–27] and used it to illustrate the theoretical results and assess the role of the spillover and environmental transmissions of Avian Influenza A.