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Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria in Agricultural Soils
Published in Vivek Kumar, Rhizomicrobiome Dynamics in Bioremediation, 2021
Guillermo Bravo, Paulina Vega-Celedón, Constanza Macaya, Ingrid-Nicole Vasconez, Michael Seeger
Glyphosate Glyphosate is the most prevalent herbicide used in the world due to its broad-spectrum targets (Sherwani et al. 2015). Glyphosate or N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (Fig. 2) is the aminophosphonic acid derivate of the natural amino acid glycine that has an amphoteric and zwitterion structure containing three functional groups: phosphonate, amino and carboxylic acid (Jayasumana et al. 2014). Glyphosate affects the EPSP synthase, a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway in plants, fungi and bacteria (Thiour-Mauprivez et al. 2019), affecting the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine (Sherwani et al. 2015). Glyphosate belongs to the groups G and 9 in HRAC and WSSA classifications systems, respectively (Forouzesh et al. 2015).
Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
In fact, studies have revealed that glyphosate inhibits other cytosolic enzymes besides EPSP synthase in plants and microbes that also activate steps in the shikimate pathway.1055,1056 Glyphosate potently inhibits three enzymes in the shikimate pathway in yeast.1056 It has been confirmed that these other enzymes depend upon cobalt as a catalyst, and glyphosate inhibition works through competitive cobalt binding and interference with cobalt supply.1055 It has also been proposed that chelation by glyphosate of both cobalt and magnesium contributes to impaired synthesis of aromatic amino acids in E. coli bacteria.1057 Thus, it is plausible that glyphosate similarly impairs cobalamin function in humans by chelating cobalt. The aromatic amino acids are often difficult to detoxify in the chemically sensitive causing deficiencies.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Glyphosate's established mode of action in killing weeds is through disruption of the shikimate pathway437,440 whose products, the essential aromatic amino acids, are important precursors to multiple biologically important molecules, including the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, and epinephrine, vitamin B, foliate, molecule nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD) involved in many redox reactions, and tanning pigment, melanin.439,441 Gut microbes produce the aromatic amino acids using the shikimate pathway, so this ability is impaired in the presence of glyphosate. A general mode of action of glyphosate is that it chelates the soluble ions of many mineral nutrients, including calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, and zinc, which are essential cofactors in many specific biochemical reactions.440,442 Glyphosate has been shown to disrupt the gut microbiome in animals, probably in part through disrupting mineral bioavailability, including manganese, iron, zinc, and cobalt.437,439 Impaired manganese homeostasis can explain many features of disorders whose incidence is rising in the human population, including autism, AD, PD, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.443 Multiple pathogenic infections due to gut dysbiosis are a major factor in the decline in orcas (Orcinus orca) along the North Pacific coast of the United States,444 and glyphosate exposure is a likely contributor.
Glyphosate-based herbicide impairs energy metabolism and increases autophagy in C6 astroglioma cell line
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Katriane Neto da Silva, Laura Garbin Cappellaro, Caroline Naomi Ueda, Luana Rodrigues, Aline Pertile Remor, Roberta de Paula Martins, Alexandra Latini, Viviane Glaser
Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is an active ingredient present in many herbicides and one of the most widely used pesticides worldwide (Duke and Powles 2008). Glyphosate acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), in the shikimate pathway present in plants (Steinrucken and Amrhein 1980). Glyphosate formulations contain approximately 36–48% glyphosate and water, salts and adjuvants such as ethoxylated alkylamines (e.g. POEA) (Kwiatkowska et al. 2017). Inappropriate use of herbicides formulations may produce harm to the health of agriculture workers who are directly and almost daily chronically exposed to these products (Hofmann et al. 2015; Solomon, Marshall, and Carrasquilla 2009). Bai and Ogbourne (2016) indicated that chronic, sub-chronic and reproductive toxicity, which occurred at lower concentrations, as in the case of exposed agricultural workers, maybe more important that acute toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides. Further, it has been proposed that an association exists between continuous use of agrochemicals in agriculture and development of chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders. In fact, several investigators proposed an association between pesticide exposures and development Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (Baltazar et al. 2014; Freire and Koifman 2012; Moretto and Colosio 2011; Mostafalou and Abdollahi 2013; Samsel and Seneff 2015; Vaccari et al. 2019; Voorhees et al. 2016). Thus, the relevance of a better understanding of regarding glyphosate-based herbicide cytotoxicity in neural cells may be important for extrapolation to humans.
Toxicity of herbicides to cyanobacteria and phytoplankton species of the San Francisco Estuary and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Chelsea H. Lam, Tomofumi Kurobe, Peggy W. Lehman, Mine Berg, Bruce G. Hammock, Marie E. Stillway, Pramod K. Pandey, Swee J. Teh
Glyphosate is an inhibitor of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase enzyme in plants, which is required in the shikimate pathway for synthesizing aromatic amino acids needed for secondary metabolite production and photosynthesis.[21] Imazamox is a member of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides. Imazamox is absorbed directly through leaves and translocated rapidly throughout the plant to cause toxicity by inhibiting the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids required for cell growth.[22] Fluridone inhibits phytoene desaturases, which prevents carotenoid production.[23,24] Carotenoids directly absorb light and protect chlorophyll pigments required for photosynthesis. Microalgae, including cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms are abundant in the SFE/Delta. Like higher aquatic plants, microalgae produce and use aromatic amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, and carotenoids for their growth. Therefore, it is likely that glyphosate, imazamox, and fluridone could inhibit growth of microalgae.
Leucanthemum vulgare lam. crude oil phytoremediation
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Azam Noori, Hassan Zare Maivan, Ebrahim Alaie, Lee A. Newman
Proline which is an amino acid known to confer osmotic tolerance during stress conditions (Kavi Kishor et al. 2005). Proline synthesis is dependent on multiple factors, one of which is the carbohydrate pool in the plant cells. Increases in plant carbohydrate levels results in increased proline synthesis, which in turn produces NADP+ for the pentose phosphate pathway. This plays a critical role in the Shikimate pathway, phenol synthesis, photosynthesis, and respiration (Delauney and Verma 1993; Kavi Kishor et al. 2005). Proline content in the plants increased significantly under all treatments at T2 and T6 compared to T0, which supports its role in oxidative stress response. Proline content decreased at T4 which may be due to the plants being in their reproductive phase at that time point. Plants devote significant resources to ensure successful seed production, therefore it is normal to limit their activity against oxidative stress. Negative correlation between proline and TPH content in the 2.5–10% crude oil exposed plants support this finding that proline protects plant against crude oil contamination (Table 1).