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Microbial Food-borne Diseases Due to Climate Change
Published in Javid A. Parray, Suhaib A. Bandh, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbes, 2022
John Mohd War, Anees Un Nisa, Abdul Hamid Wani, Mohd Yaqub Bhat
It is a nonmotile, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacterium present in every habitat and responsible for food-borne illness like shigellosis and bacillary dysentery. The causal organisms of shigellosis are one of the many types of Shigella bacteria (Yang et al., 2005). The bacillary dysentery, that is, severe shigellosis is caused by three species of Shigella, that is, S. sonnei, S. Flexneri, and S. dysenteriae (WHO 2018). S. sonnei was the sole pathogen causing bacillary dysentery in Yazd Province Iran (Aminharati et al., 2018). The most common and prime source of infection is through personal contact (transmission via oral or fecal route) and also by contaminated foods and water (Louise et al., 2020). The person develops symptoms within 1–7 days of infection. The disease is characterized with stomach cramps, fever, nausea, and diarrhea that contains mucus and may be bloody in severe shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). About 20% of the hospitalized patients suffering from shigellosis die, raising a concern for developing health strategies to manage this disease (Kotloff et al., 1999). Although any one can get infected with this disease but children between 2 and 4 years of age are more prone to such diseases.
Pathogens and their removal
Published in Nick F. Gray, Water Science and Technology: An Introduction, 2017
Another member of the Enterobacteriaceae, Shigella causes bacterial dysentery or shigellosis and is one of the most frequently diagnosed causes of diarrhoea in the United States. Shigellosis is a problem of both developed and developing countries, with the eastern Mediterranean countries considered as an endemic region for the disease. The species of this bacterial genus are rather similar in their epidemiology to Salmonella except that they rarely infect animals and do not survive quite so well in the environment. When the disease is present as an epidemic, it appears to be spread mainly by person-to-person contact, especially between children, shigellosis being a typical institutional disease occurring in overcrowded conditions. There has been a significant increase in the number of outbreaks arising from poor-quality drinking water contaminated by sewage. There are four major serological groups with a limited number of serotypes (>40), with S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei, S. flexneri and S. boydii all able to cause gastrointestinal disease. S. sonnei and S. flexneri account for >90% of isolates, although it is S. dysenteriae type 1 which causes the most severe symptoms due to the production of the Shiga toxin (Percival and Williams, 2014b).
Microbiological Quality of Environmental Samples
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Shigellosis, or hacillary dysentery, is a severe form of diarrhea caused by the bacteria, Shigella, named after the Japanese microbiologist Kiyoshi Shiga. Shigella produce an exotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis. In the intestine, shigella produce tissue destruction and cause severe diarrhea with blood and mucus in the stool. While most shigellosis epidemics are food-borne or spread by person to person contact, it may be caused by contaminated drinking water. Water-borne shigellosis may result from accidental interruption of water treatment, an untreated water supply, contamination of well water, and cross connection between contaminated water pipe and potable water supply lines.
Housing conditions and health in Indigenous Australian communities: current status and recent trends
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
The four selected disease types were (i) shigellosis, (ii) helminthiases, (iii) trachoma, and (iv) acute rheumatic fever. Shigellosis is an intestinal infection that is notifiable in NT and is caused by Shigella bacteria. It is transmitted by the faecal-oral route, and tends to reflect poor hygiene and sanitation conditions. In-depth (albeit occasional) syntheses of enteric disease notifications in NT provide Indigenous-specific shigellosis rates for children between 0 and 4 years (the age group that bears a disproportionately high shigellosis disease burden). Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) has been linked to streptococcal skin infections (McDonald et al. 2004), which in turn are commonly preceded by scabies infestation. ARF is a notifiable disease in NT, and Indigenous-specific rates are reported in tables supplementary to the national health performance framework report (AIHW 2017). A range of helminth infections – hookworm (A. duoedenale), whipworm (T. trichiura), Strongyloides stercoralis, and dwarf tapeworm (H. nana) – have recently been subject to longitudinal assessments in the academic literature (Davies et al. 2013; Crowe et al. 2014; Willcocks et al. 2015; Mayer-Coverdale et al. 2017). All four helminths are transmitted via human faeces and hence indicate inadequate sanitation. Finally, trachoma is an infectious eye disease for which face washing is a key prevention measure. Trachoma has been the subject of a large-scale screening and treatment programme in remote Indigenous communities since 2006, and annual reports present prevalence estimates for Indigenous children 5–9 years at a regional level.