China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Anthropometrics and Workspace Design
Published in Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 2018
Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha
The three-dimensional (3-D) planes that pass through the body are the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes. The sagittal plane cuts longitudinally and separates the left half of the body from the right half. Transverse planes cut horizontally and separate top from bottom. Coronal planes also cut longitudinally and separate front from back. Directional terms are used in opposite pairs and are specific to the plane of measurement. A body part above a transverse plane is superior, and one below it is inferior. A body part to the left or right of the sagittal plane is lateral, while one close to it (to the center of the body being measured) is medial. A body part in front of a coronal plane is anterior, and one behind it is posterior. Finally, a body part that is far from the trunk is distal, whereas one that is close to the trunk is proximal.
MRI-based IGRT for lung cancer
Published in Jing Cai, Joe Y. Chang, Fang-Fang Yin, Principles and Practice of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer, 2017
The MRIdian® system (ViewRay Inc., Oakwood Village Ohio) is an integrated MR-IGRT system that combines a vertically gapped 0.35 Tesla whole-body MR scanner with three Cobalt-60 heads, allowing for simultaneous imaging and treatment delivery [7]. Each of the three Cobalt-60 heads is equipped with fast pneumatic source mechanism, and doubly divergent MLCs, allowing for IMRT as well as conformal treatment delivery. The three treatment heads are 120° apart, and can be used for treatment simultaneously. The system is capable of fast volumetric imaging prior to treatment for patient setup, with imaging times ranging from 17 seconds to over 3 minutes, depending on the desired field of view and resolution [18]. In addition to the volumetric imaging for setup, the system allows for acquisition of planar images in the sagittal plane during the treatment delivery, which can be used for gating based on internal patient anatomy. Details of the gating capabilities are described in the next section in this chapter. The system also has an integrated treatment planning system with fast dose calculation and plan re-optimization, which is fully accessible from the treatment delivery workspace, allowing for seamless online treatment plan adaptation based on the daily setup MR image [7,9,18].
Introduction
Published in Eric R. Westervelt, Jessy W. Grizzle, Christine Chevallereau, Jun Ho Choi, Benjamin Morris, Feedback Control of Dynamic Bipedal Robot Locomotion, 2018
Eric R. Westervelt, Jessy W. Grizzle, Christine Chevallereau, Jun Ho Choi, Benjamin Morris
The sagittal plane is the longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left sections. The frontal plane is the plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to the sagittal plane that separates the body into front and back portions. The transverse plane is perpendicular to both the sagittal and frontal planes. See Fig. 1.4 for an illustration of these planes of section. A planar biped is a biped with motions taking place only in the sagittal plane, whereas a three-dimensional walker has motions taking place in both the sagittal and frontal planes.
Association between knee-to-hip flexion ratio during single-leg vertical landings, and strength and range of motion in professional soccer players
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2020
Gustavo Leporace, Marcio Tannure, Gabriel Zeitoune, Leonardo Metsavaht, Moacir Marocolo, Alex Souto Maior
In recent studies, researchers have suggested that sagittal-plane trunk and lower limb posture may play important role in the development of knee injuries. It has been shown that athletes with patellar tendon abnormalities, found by ultrasound, have greater knee flexion at initial contact and lower hip flexion displacement during landing tasks in comparison to participants without such tendon abnormalities (Mann, Edwards, Drinkwater, & Bird, 2013). A more upright and stiff posture, described as a quadriceps dominant behaviour (Read, Oliver, De Ste Croix, Myer, & Lloyd, 2016), has been correlated with higher knee-extensor moments, leading to higher patellar tendon stresses (Van der Worp, de Poel, Diercks, van den Akker-Scheek, & Zwerver, 2014). On the other hand, incorporating increased hip flexion in relation to knee flexion during landing and cutting manoeuvres has been shown to reduce knee-extensor moment, knee energy absorption and patellar tendon stress during landing tasks (Blackburn & Padua, 2009; Scattone Silva, Ferreira, Nakagawa, Santos, & Serrão, 2015). Therefore, the knee-to-hip flexion ratio during landings may be used as a strategy to identify the contribution of knee and hip to load absorption and this may help to potentially identify patients at risk for patellar tendon pathology.
A standalone computing system to classify human foot movements using machine learning techniques for ankle-foot prosthesis control
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Anatomical reference planes consist of 3-imaginary cardinal planes that divide the mass of a body into 3-dimensions. First, the sagittal plane splits the body vertically into left and right halves of equal mass. Second, the frontal plane divides the body vertically into front and back halves. Finally, the horizontal plane separates the body into top and bottom halves (Hall and Lysell 1995). Ankle joint consists of the tibia, fibula, and underlying tarsal bones. The ankle permits the foot for the following movements: dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion, medial rotation, and lateral rotation. Figure 1 shows these foot movements along with 3- reference planes. It also indicates the below-knee muscles sites for the sensor placement.
The biomechanics of running and running styles: a synthesis
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Ben T. van Oeveren, Cornelis J. de Ruiter, Peter J. Beek, Jaap H. van Dieën
Therefore, this synthetic review aims to identify the (minimal) set of parameters that lead to a concise, yet, comprehensive description of the full spectrum of running styles. To this end, the interdependency between the parameters and their relationship with speed will be studied. Since the goal of locomotion is to transport the BCoM, we expect that fundamental differences between running styles will be apparent in the BCoM trajectory. In running, most of the body’s movements occur in the sagittal plane. This is reflected by the relatively high force amplitudes in the vertical and the horizontal direction compared to the medio-lateral direction (Hamner & Delp, 2013; Nordin et al., 2017). Likewise, energy expenditure in running is predominately determined by movements in the sagittal plane. Arellano and Kram (2014) have estimated that runners use 80% of the net metabolic cost for bodyweight support and forward propulsion, 7% for leg swing, and only 2% for sideward balance control, leaving 11% of the variance unexplained. Therefore, we believe it is safe to assume that differences in running styles will be apparent in the sagittal plane trajectory of the BCoM. Reasonably accurate predictions of the BCoM trajectory in walking, hopping and running have been made using the spring-mass model (Blickhan, 1989; Coleman et al., 2012; Farley & Gonzalez, 1996). According to this model, which is in essence a mass on a weightless pogo Stick (the spring leg), the runner’s mass, leg length and velocity determine the bouncing trajectory of the BCoM (Arampatzis et al., 1999; Blickhan, 1989; Brughelli & Cronin, 2008a). The spring-mass model and its assumptions are therefore discussed in detail later in this review to explain biomechanical interdependencies as well as the relevance of specific spatiotemporal parameters.