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Articular Cartilage Development
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Morphogenesis and Morphogens: Morphogenesis is the developmental process of pattern formation and body plan establishment that culminates in the adult form of the whole human body, including component tissues and organs, such as articular cartilage and joints. Morphogens are extracellularly secreted proteins governing morphogenesis during development. They comprise four evolutionarily conserved protein families: bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), hedgehog proteins (HHs), and wingless and int-related proteins (Wnts). These morphogen families exhibit redundant and reiterative signaling with distinct spatial and temporal expression during initiation of morphogenesis, including pattern formation, body plan establishment, bilateral symmetry, and attendant cytodifferentiation.
Scapular kinematics during scaption in competitive swimmers
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Y. Blache, B. Gillet, J. Selin, V. Sevrez, I. Rogowski
This study confirmed that in the context of humeral motion up to 120° in the scapular plane, swimmers presented forward posture evidenced by clavicular protraction. Our results also pointed out that bilateral differences in scapular upward rotation were eliminated in swimmers, suggesting safe adaptations of their non-dominant shoulder. In addition, the adaptations in scapular internal rotation may be due to the accumulation of years of practice at high level. Finally, the findings of this study provide new knowledge on the adaptations in shoulder and scapular kinematics in relation with the age and level of swimming. In particular, focusing on clavicular retraction, scapular external rotation and bilateral symmetry in scapular upward rotation during humeral elevation may be objectives for swimming coaches and physicians to better prevent and rehabilitate shoulder injury in swimmers. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to assess the relationship between scapular kinematics and shoulder injuries in swimmers of different ages, style preference and levels.