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Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
After describing movements that are critical to the activity or activities, either find the appropriate data set or measure the movements. To manually measure, start with the body in the anatomical position or a specified static pose. The person performing the motion is asked to stop at key points of the motion so the measurer can determine a length or an angle and record it. Lengths can be measured with a standard tape measure. Joint angle data can be measured with a goniometer (see Figure 2.11). For each critical movement, define the full ROM of the joint and plane of the action. With manual measurement methods, the angles are measured in two-dimensional space. Multiple measurements, in the different anatomical planes, are necessary to represent the three-dimensional motion of the body.
T-shaped handle set-up: effects of handle diameter, between-handle distance, workpiece orientation, working height, and exertion direction on two-handed torque strength, usability, comfort, and discomfort
Published in Ergonomics, 2023
Azam Maleki-Ghahfarokhi, Iman Dianat, Mahmood-reza Azghani, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohamad Parnianpour
Another independent variable was between-handle distance, with three levels: equal to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 shoulder span (SS) (bideltoid breadth) (Lin, McGorry, and Chang 2012; Young et al. 2013). In order to avoid torque variations that could be caused by the handle length available to the hands, the centre of the grip was carefully monitored and controlled during each experimental trial. For this, the two plastic cylinders were adjusted and fixed on the metal bar (handle) based on the desired between-handle distance for each participant during each trial. Then, the participants were asked to exert their forces directly at the mid-point of the handles, which was marked on each handle. The next independent variable was workpiece orientation with two levels including vertical (frontal anatomical plane) and horizontal (transverse anatomical plane) levels (Figure 2). The fourth independent variable was working height with three levels: shoulder, elbow, and knuckle height. Finally, the fifth independent variable was exertion direction including clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) directions (Table 2).
Can increased load carriage affect lower limbs kinematics during military gait?
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
Manoela Vieira Sousa, Ricardo Sebastião, Pedro Fonseca, Sara Morais, Denise Soares, Inês de Sousa, Leandro Machado, Filipa Sousa, Mário Vaz, João Paulo Vilas-Boas
Kinematics were processed in Visual3D (C-Motion Inc., USA), where the reconstruction of the pelvis and lower limbs with 6 degrees of freedom segments was performed after all marker trajectories have been filtered with a bidirectional 6 Hz Butterworth low-pass filter. For the lower-limbs, segment tracking was based on the marker clusters. The global and local coordinate system were created according to Visual3D standards with axis being positive in the sagittal right direction (x-axis), the frontal plane (y-axis) and cephalic (z-axis) directions. The identification of the heel strike (HS) and toe off (TO) of each lower limb was performed using the software’s built-in routines based on the method proposed by (Stanhope et al. 1990). The calculated (absolute and normalised) linear kinematics included speed, stride width and length, cycle duration, number of steps, number of strides, step time as well as stance, swing and double support times. The lower limbs joint angle value at HS, midstance (MS) and TO, for each joint and each anatomical plane, were collected. The joint angles were calculated as the angle created by the distal segment in reference to the proximal segment. A representation of the segments’ movement in each anatomical plane, and the corresponding signal convention is depicted in Figure 1.
Application of an Integrated Ergonomic Indicator (IEI) in evaluating forest machines
Published in International Journal of Forest Engineering, 2021
Felipe Martins Oliveira, Eduardo da Silva Lopes, Henrique Soares Koehler, Alexandre Behling
The raw results of ergonomic evaluations of the following variables: vibration (acceleration and daily dose), noise, heat, illuminance, repeatability, posture, visibility angles in the sagittal plane (the anatomical plane which divides the body into right and left parts) and lateral plane, and productivity were initially subjected to cluster analysis, aiming to identify groups of machines in terms of similarity (the clusters). Cluster analysis is the most widely used type of classification analysis. It uses observations, each of which is associated with n numerical variables and separates observations into groups. This analysis can be used to group items according to their similarity (Gotelli and Ellison 2011).