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Brain Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Ambikanandan Misra, Aliasgar Shahiwala, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Drug Delivery Research for Optimum Clinical Outcomes, 2018
Manisha Lalan, Rohan Lalani, Vivek Patel, Ambikanandan Misra
A number of cell lines are at the disposal of the researcher for the evaluating the different aspects of neuronal functioning and toxicology. A diverse array of immortalized cell lines have been examined and employed for neurotoxicological studies. A SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line was generated from the bone marrow of a neuroblastoma patient. They may be differentiated using specific treatment protocols and can be used extensively to establish the neurotoxicity of classical neurotoxicants, like MPP+, 6-hydroxydopamine, or organic pollutants. Further disruption in intracellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress mechanisms can be studied in the cell line (Barbosa et al. 2015). Neuro-2a is a mouse-derived neuroblastoma cell line, ND7/23 is a mouse neurobalstoma and rat neuronal hybrid cell line, which is also used for screening (Barbosa et al. 2015). The rat-derived pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 has been extensively used in neurotoxicological research. Pheochromocytoma-derived cell lines present high exocytotic activity, and hence become a very suitable model for neurosecretory studies, as well as drugs that modulate the process of neurotransmitters’ release (Barbosa et al. 2015, 58). Human U87-MG cell line and the rat C6 cell line are glioma cell lines and have proved useful in toxicity studies and study of basic cellular mechanisms. C6 glioma cells present cancer stem cell–like characteristics and provide inputs on regulation and modulation of myelin specific genes which is implicated in lead toxicity (Barbosa et al. 2015, 59).
Green synthesis of Ag-ZnO nanocomposites by using Usnea florida and Pseudevernia furfuracea lichen extracts and evaluation of their neurotoxic effects
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Fatih Doğan Koca, Mehmet Gökhan Halici, Yakup Işik, Gökhan Ünal
The aim of this study was to evaluate the characterization of Ag-ZnO NCs synthesized with Usnea florida and Pseudevernia furfuracea extracts, and to evaluate their toxicity against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Herein, we focused to investigate the potential effects of biological synthesized Ag-ZnO NCs on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells because the frequencies of neuro-degenerative and neuro-developmental diseases increase gradually and certain studies present tangible proofs of NCs including zinc oxide NCs toxic effects on neurons.[26] SH-SY5Y cells are widely used in a variety of assays, including neuronal differentiation, metabolism, neuro-degenerative and neuro-adaptive processes, neurotoxicity, and neuroprotection. SH-SY5Y cells originate from immature neoplastic neural crest cells displaying stem cell properties and possessing a wide variety of properties of human neurons. SH-SY5Y cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state and induced by various agents to differentiate neuron-like phenotypes in vitro.[27,28] In this process, the secondary substances synthesized by lichens are of different types and are subject to toxicity testing with NCs consisting of different components. In our study, it is suggested that NCs synthesized with lichen extracts can be used in perfumery industry, dye, food preservative, antibacterial effects, anticancer effects, antiviral effects. In sum, our study aimed to green synthesis and characterization pf the Ag-ZnO NCs to reach a safer profile of NCs for people and evaluate its potential neuroprotective/neurotoxic effects on human neuroblastoma cells in cell culture.
Oxidative stress response in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to short-term 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Ana Marija Marjanovic Cermak, Ivan Pavicic, Ivancica Trosic
Studies have shown that RF radiation has an impact on different exposure systems. Increased ROS production and oxidative stress were observed in several continuous cell lines,[5–7] human spermatozoa,[8] rats,[9–11] earthworm,[12] yeast[13] and duckweed.[14] On the other hand, exposure to RF radiation did not provoke stress response in rat eye tissue and blood, human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells, Jurkat T-cells or human monocytes and lymphocytes.[15–18] These inconsistent results could be attributed to exposure time and conditions, including the frequency, modulation and wave form of applied RF radiation as well as sensitivity of the exposed system. Particularly sensitive to RF exposure are considered to be neuronal cells due to their biochemical function and high electrical activity. In vitro study has showed that prolonged 1800 MHz RF exposure reduce the synaptic activity and number of excitatory synapses in rat hippocampal neurons.[19] Moreover, exposure of embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) to 1800 MHz RF for 3 days was found to impair neurite outgrowth of the cells indicating potential adverse effects on the brain development.[20] At the same time, in vivo studies showed significant biochemical modifications and neuronal damage after chronic rat brain exposure to RF radiation.[21–23] Although the effects of long-term exposure are often studied, there is also a particular interest regarding the effect of short-term RF exposure and especially its mechanism at cellular level. Because human SH-SY5Y cell line possesses many neuronal biochemical and functional properties, it is often used as an in vitro model of neurons, providing the opportunity to study responses in human rather than in rodent neural cells.[24] The aim of this study was to assess the effect of acute 1800 MHz RF exposure on cellular oxidation-reduction processes in vitro. Susceptibility of SH-SY5Y cells to RF radiation was assessed measuring several parameters that are indicative of the cellular oxidative stress response.