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Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)
Published in Mark S. Johnson, Michael J. Quinn, Marc A. Williams, Allison M. Narizzano, Understanding Risk to Wildlife from Exposures to Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS), 2021
In a separate but related study, ten pregnant SD rats per group were administered PFOS in 0.5% Tween 80 at doses of 0, 0.1, 0.6, or 2.0 mg/kg-d by oral gavage from GD 2 through to GD 21 (Zeng et al. 2011). At GD 21, onset of parturition was monitored in the dams, and the day of delivery was referred to as PND 0, at which time five pups/litter were sacrificed and the trunk blood, cortex, and hippocampus harvested for further study. Morphological cellular changes were associated with expression of astrocyte activation markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S100 calcium-binding protein B, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Remaining pups were randomly allocated to dams from the different dosage groups and permitted to nurse up to PND 21, at which time pups were sacrificed and tissues harvested as described above for PND 0. A dose-dependent increase in PFOS levels was found in the serum, whereas the levels in the hippocampus and cortex tended to be lower in all tissues at postnatal day (PND) 21 as compared with PMD 0. Inflammatory responses included increased hippocampal mRNA expression of the interleukin IL-1β and the tumor necrosis factor TNFα at PMD 0 in all treated groups as compared with controls, and in those from dams administered ≥ 0.6 mg/kg-d at PND 21. In the cortex, IL-1β and TNF-α expression were only significantly increased in the 0.6 mg/kg-d group and 2.0 mg/kg-d group, respectively, at PND 0. At PND 21 in the cortex, IL-1β was increased at ≥ 0.6 mg/kg-d, and TNF- α was increased in the high-dose group (Zeng et al. 2011).
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Refractory Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Additional immunological monitoring was performed by testing for serum myeloid related protein (MRP) levels before and at regular intervals after HSCT. MRP is a protein of the S100 family related with neutrophil and monocyte activation. Myeloid Related Protein 8 (MRP8) and MRP14 are two S100 proteins specific to myeloid cells and expressed in neutrophils and macrophages. MRP8 an MRP14 play a distinct role in neutrophil and monocyte activation.39 They are specifically released during the interaction of monocytes with inflammatory activated endothelium, probably at sites of local inflammation.40 Elevated MRP appear specific for sJIA when compared to normals and other autoimmune diseases (Fig. 8). In 12 JIA patients (9 with systemic JIA and 3 with polyarticular JIA), serial determination of MRP serum concentrations before and after HSCT was performed. MRP8/MRP14 serum concentrations were determined by sandwich ELISA system as described previously.39 For calibration, different amounts (0.25-250 ng/ml) of the native complex of human MRP8 and MRP 14 were used, which were isolated from human granulocytes as described previously. The assay has a sensitivity of <0.5 ng/ml and a linear range between 1 and 30 ng/ml. MRP8 and MRP14 form noncovalently associated complexes in the presence of extracellular calcium concentrations, which are detected by the sandwich ELISA system. Therefore, the ELISA is calibrated with the native MRP8/MRP14 complex and the data are expressed as ng/ml MRP8/MRP14.
Immunofluorescence
Published in Guy Cox, Fundamentals of Fluorescence Imaging, 2019
A polyclonal antiserum contains a mixture of different antibody isotypes as well as nonsense immunoglobulins that are normally present in the rabbit serum. Natural antibodies binding to the tissue section may occur in the antiserum as a result of unrecognized, prior antigenic stimulation. The strong staining of the epidermis, and moderate staining of vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles of human skin described by Kobayashi et al. [6] after using some rabbit polyclonal antisera to lysozyme, myoglobin, S100 protein, and normal rabbit serum is probably due to the presence of anti-intermediate filament antibody, including an anti-keratin antibody. Such contaminating antibodies may co-purify with the specific antibody and cause false positive staining in immunofluorescence testing. Natural antibodies are usually found at low concentration and dilution may remove interference [7, 8]. It is generally accepted to use absorption controls where the antibody has been preabsorbed with the immunogen; however, this procedure does not eliminate the possibility that the antibody reacts with another protein in the tissue. Because antibodies recognize a relatively small component of an antigen, they can cross-react with similar epitopes on other antigens, but usually with less affinity [4, 9]. These low-affinity antibodies have weaker binding than specific antibodies. By incubating at low temperature, selection for the higher affinity specific antibody binding is preferred.
The effects of short-term exposure to selected heavy metals carried by airborne fine particles on neural biomarkers during dust storms
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Ahmad Badeenezhad, Mohammad Ali Baghapour, Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor, Mojtaba Keshavarz, Abdeltif Amrane, Gholamreza Goudarzi, Mohammad Hoseini
According to Figure 4, the values of the central nervous system markers such as S100β and NSE after exposure were mostly higher than pre-exposure. S100β and NSE are the two biomarkers that have the highest amounts of biomarkers in the blood to measure brain damage. In addition, an increase in S100β in the blood can be an indicator of damage to the blood–brain barrier (Blyth et al. 2011). S100 is a sensitive calcium protein that modulates biological activity through calcium bonding. In addition, it has been shown that some S100 proteins can bind Zn and Cu to each other, indicating the ability of these heavy metals to regulate their biological activity (Hajduková et al. 2015).