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Microbiological Hazards
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962, but the link between maternal rubella and congenital defects has been recognized since 1941 and has caused great concern among health care workers.368,369 The virus is spread through droplets shed from the respiratory tract of infected persons. Since vaccine against rubella became available (1962), immunization of health personnel is the optimal control strategy. Both male and female personnel should be vaccinated, because transmission from males in the incubation period to pregnant, susceptible females may occur. If patients with rubella are admitted to the hospital, they should have private rooms, and only personnel immune to the disease should be allowed to care for them.370 Prevention by the use of masks is probably of little or no value.
Nonperfused Attachment Systems for Cell Cultivation
Published in Anthony S. Lubiniecki, Large-Scale Mammalian Cell Culture Technology, 2018
In 1969, Merck Sharp & Dohme received a license for the manufacture of the HPV-77 (“Meruvax”) strain of live attenuated rubella virus vaccine. This vaccine was manufactured in Pekin duck embryo cells obtained from an isolated flock that was free from all known diseases that infect domestic duck flocks. In 1978, the RA27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus vaccine replaced the HPV-77 strain and was licensed for use in the United States. The RA27/3 rubella strain, developed by scientists at the Wistar Institute, was propagated in human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38). Although duck cells were used to grow HPV-77 virus and WI-38 cells used to manufacture RA27/3 virus, both vaccines were produced in roller bottle culture of monolayer cells inoculated with the respective virus. The manufacturing procedures for the two vaccines are very similar and are summarized below.
Lab-on-a-Chip Immunoassay Systems
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
Barry Byrne, Louise M. Barrett
As a final example of a future trend in developing ‘lab-on-a-chip’ immunoassays, Singh and colleagues [104] describe the use of 3D printing to engineer a unique well-structure (referred to as the ‘3D well’) which provides the end-user with an analytical substrate with greater surface area when compared with traditional 96-well ELISA plates. Upon fabrication, the authors demonstrated excellent assay performance in detecting autoantibodies to Rubella virus in serum samples, with >2 fold sensitivity when compared with conventional ELISA. Three dimensional printing is compatible with rapid prototyping, and has immense potential in the field of ‘lab-on-a-chip’ immunodiagnostics. While the authors comment on the potential application of such structures in microfluidic devices, we believe that there will be a notable increase in the number of microfluidic assays incorporating antibody-based biorecognition which contain elements fabricated using 3D printing by, for example, improving the sensing layers [105].
Repurposing pharmaceutical excipients as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Manisha Malani, Prerana Salunke, Shraddha Kulkarni, Gaurav K. Jain, Afsana Sheikh, Prashant Kesharwani, Jayabalan Nirmal
Sulfated poly anions show ionic interactions with oppositely charged components on cell surface, including CD4, which is assumed to be a potent inhibitory mechanism. In Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection dextran sulfate binds to fusion domains of GP120 and inhibits its entry into the cell [158]. The antiviral property of dextran sulfate against RNA viruses increased with an increase in molecular weight, with 4000 being the optimal molecular weight. P. Mastromarino et al. observed that the Rubella virus shows 50% inhibition at a concentration of 0.29 mg/L of dextran sulfate. The results obtained indicated that the polysaccharide exerts its inhibitory activity during the entry step of the Rubella Virus into Vero cells as the drug treatment between 7 to 48 h post-infection does not inhibit the Rubella virus replication [159]. Vaccinia virus is inhibited at relatively high concentrations of the dextran sulfate ranging between 10 µg/ml to 200 µg/ml [160].
On the interpretation of bioaerosol exposure measurements and impacts on health
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Hamza Mbareche, Lidia Morawska, Caroline Duchaine
Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. When any of these become airborne, they can be transmitted to humans via the air. Among bacteria, legionellosis, tuberculosis, and anthrax are infectious diseases that constitute significant public health concerns due to their infectivity even at low doses. Legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of legionellosis, can be aerosolized from contaminated water (Rowbotham 1980). Tuberculosis patients can transmit Mycobacterium tuberculosis in droplet nuclei by coughing, sneezing, and talking (Pearson et al. 1992). Anthrax, which is often linked to bioterrorism, is caused by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores (Jernigan et al. 2001). Other examples of bacterial infection through aerosols include Chlamydia psittaci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Lyczak, Cannon, and Pier 2000; Morawska 2006). The most common invasive fungal infections are aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus), candidiasis (Candida albicans), cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans), mucormycosis (Rhizopus oryzae), pneumocystis (Pneumocystis jirovecii), coccidioidomycosis (Coccodioides immitis), histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum), paracoccodioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasilliensis), and penicilliosis (Penicillium marneffei), all of which can be transmitted through aerosol spore exposure (Brown et al. 2012). Finally, viruses that are readily transmitted by bioaerosols include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, enteric viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hantavirus, varicella–zoster virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, and influenza A and B viruses (Bonifait et al. 2015; Gershon 2008; Hjelle and Glass 2000; Lindsley et al. 2010; Matricardi et al. 2000; Tellier 2009; Teltsch and Katzenelson 1978; Uyeki, Bresee 2007; Booth et al. 2005). It was suggested that other viruses, such as norovirus, could reach human’s digestive system through inhalation and swallowing (Bonifait et al. 2015). Although obvious evidence of viral airborne transmission is available, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are still skeptical about the subject of airborne transmission from one patient to the other (CDC 2018).