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Health effects and the baby boomers — childhood
Published in J. Mangano Joseph, Low-Level Radiation and Immune System Damage, 2018
Measles, or rubeola, is a viral disease marked by a rash, fever, nasal discharge, and redness of the eyes. It is highly contagious, spread through droplets from the nose, throat, and mouth. In 1994, 76% of measles cases were persons under 20. Although by far the most common notifiable disease in children during the post-war years, measles was nearly eliminated after the introduction of a vaccine in 1963. However, the number of cases rose 25% from the late 1940s to the late 1950s, with the big jump beginning in 1948. The most cases in a single year occurred in 1958, when 763,094 persons were infected.
Significant biopolymers and their applications in buccal mediated drug delivery
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
There has been a study to formulate a vaccine for measles, i.e. delivered via buccal route. Measle is a very lethal disease, caused by the measles virus and has been causing a very large number of deaths worldwide. About currently available vaccine formulations, both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are essential to combat the measles virus infection. The buccal cavity provides a greater surface area for fast dissolution and simultaneous absorption. The mucosal surface also provides easy accessibility and offers good antigen presentation. The buccal mucosa contains high numbers of dendritic cells, which are antigen-presenting, and also a very large amount of T lymphocytes and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. It has been reported that vaccine delivery through mucosal surfaces like the buccal route has resulted in a greater level of the immune response as compared to some other sorts of formulations. A potential advantage of utilizing the enteric polymer matrix is to protect the vaccine microparticles that have not been absorbed in the buccal cavity from the gastrointestinal environment. This will enable them to elicit an additional immune response in the lower small intestine and the ascending colon after traversing the GI Tract [29].
Prevalence and predictors of stunting and underweight among children under 5 years in Tigray, Ethiopia: Implications for nutrition-sensitive agricultural interventions
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2018
Heidi Busse, Wellington Jogo, Glen Leverson, Frezer Asfaw, Haile Tesfay
The other eye health variable included in the survey was maternal night blindness. This variable is considered a salient factor in child nutrition because night blindness in pregnant and lactating women has been associated with higher odds of low serum vitamin A or carotenoid concentrations and thus has been used a proxy to measure VAD. Maternal VAD, in turn, can impair fetal development and contributes to multiple forms of child malnutrition.14 Prior studies have reported relationships between maternal night blindness during pregnancy with low child birthweight, increased odds of stunting, and increased risk of child mortality from diarrhea and measles due to weakened immunity.38,39 We included maternal night blindness as an independent variable, but its relationship with child undernutrition was not significant (p < 0.05). One interpretation is that vitamin A deficiency occurs among all mothers in this population; that is, those with children both of healthy weights and underweight.
The measles epidemic model assessment under real statistics: an application of stochastic optimal control theory
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Peijiang Liu, Rukhsar Ikram, Amir Khan, Anwarud Din
The goal of this research is to develop a stochastic model with spontaneous noise emission for studying the kinetics and control of measles infection. Furthermore, the fundamental reproduction number was calculated, and it was shown that the existing system has some acute threshold qualities. We discovered that, given initial positive data, the system has a unique, bounded, and positive solution, indicating that the problem is well-posed. The suggested system’s stability was demonstrated using stochastic Lyapunov functional theory. The disease continues to become extinct if is assumed. The existence, as well as uniqueness for an ergodic stationary distribution with positive solutions to the suggested model, were obtained by considering the stochastic Lyapunov analysis approach, demonstrating that the disease will survive in the population whenever An optimum control theory has been used to regulate the growth of the virus using external means. Furthermore, both stochastic and deterministic control systems have been investigated. To corroborate the acquired theoretical findings, several computational experiments were performed using the stochastic Runge-Kutta technique of order 4th. We conclude that the indicated control plan is the best and premium way of disease prevention and control. This approach could serve as a solid foundation for research into related disorders, with significant implications in biological sciences. The stochastic delayed epidemic models, for example, can be used to investigate the effects of the latent interval for disease dynamics. In addition, our developed framework can be used to study other viral diseases such as COIVD-19, HIV, and tuberculosis (TB), among others.