China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nonperfused Attachment Systems for Cell Cultivation
Published in Anthony S. Lubiniecki, Large-Scale Mammalian Cell Culture Technology, 2018
The use of roller bottles for the purpose of large-scale culture of mammalian cells has been of benefit to many areas of research. It was possible to grow large numbers of cells for studies in immunology, molecular biology, and virus production. The pharmaceutical industry has taken advantage of the positive features of large-scale cell production in roller bottles to produce virus vaccines. Rubella vaccine [both HPV 77 (6) and RA27/3 strains] is routinely produced in roller bottle cultures.
Overview of the Manifold VNPs Used in Nanotechnology
Published in Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester, Viral Nanoparticles, 2019
Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester
Enveloped viruses are common among animal viruses. Rubella virus (RV), for one, is an enveloped virus utilized in nanotechnology. The capsid structure is icosahedral with T = 4 symmetry. A lipid bilayer forms an additional structural layer (the envelope) around the capsid (Frey, 1994). The envelope is a piece of the host cell lipid membrane that the particles acquire when they exit the cell by a mechanism termed budding.
Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
In the fifth and final principle, Wilson states that a teratogen might not harm the maternal organism, citing the rubella virus as an example. Pregnant women with the virus may not experience any discomfort or adverse reaction to the virus, but the fetus might be affected. The author notes that there is no standard relationship between the reaction of the pregnant female and the embryo’s reaction [Tantibanchachai 2017].
Repurposing pharmaceutical excipients as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Manisha Malani, Prerana Salunke, Shraddha Kulkarni, Gaurav K. Jain, Afsana Sheikh, Prashant Kesharwani, Jayabalan Nirmal
Sulfated poly anions show ionic interactions with oppositely charged components on cell surface, including CD4, which is assumed to be a potent inhibitory mechanism. In Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection dextran sulfate binds to fusion domains of GP120 and inhibits its entry into the cell [158]. The antiviral property of dextran sulfate against RNA viruses increased with an increase in molecular weight, with 4000 being the optimal molecular weight. P. Mastromarino et al. observed that the Rubella virus shows 50% inhibition at a concentration of 0.29 mg/L of dextran sulfate. The results obtained indicated that the polysaccharide exerts its inhibitory activity during the entry step of the Rubella Virus into Vero cells as the drug treatment between 7 to 48 h post-infection does not inhibit the Rubella virus replication [159]. Vaccinia virus is inhibited at relatively high concentrations of the dextran sulfate ranging between 10 µg/ml to 200 µg/ml [160].
Immunization: How Vaccines Became Controversial
Published in Annals of Science, 2022
The second section, ‘policies’, explores the shifting logics behind vaccination programs and guidelines since the 19th century. Blume traces how and why countries around the world have largely conformed to vaccine-heavy public health strategies in the face of ongoing doubt, opposition, and alternative opinions. Drawing on case studies from different countries, he also shows how local social and political contexts, along with the decisions of other governments, have shaped countries’ vaccination policies. He describes, for instance, why Dutch health officials changed their recommendations in favor of vaccinating all children against mumps, despite widespread feelings in the country that mumps was a mild, treatable disease. Evidence from studies conducted elsewhere (including the United States where the pharmaceutical company Merck had successfully rebranded mumps as a major childhood threat), a desire to standardize vaccine policies across the European Union, and Merck’s creation of a combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine all encouraged this shift in position. Low-income countries face intense external pressure to adopt vaccine-based eradication programs, even when other diseases pose bigger threats, because they cannot afford to turn away aid from wealthy countries promoting such programs. Blume uses these and other examples to claim that the rise of neoliberal thinking and increased influence of industry in public health decision-making have encouraged countries to adopt more far-reaching vaccination policies. Harkening back to the first section, he also identifies industry influence as a reason why many people still question or oppose vaccination mandates, at least for certain diseases.
Measures to prevent and control the spread of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection in tourism locations
Published in SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration, 2022
Hideyuki Nagai, Setsuya Kurahashi
Agent-based models excel at the manifestation of effects through micro-level behavioural changes among individual citizens as specific intervention measures against infection, as well as at operability based on intervention scenario findings. Therefore, they are used with existing infectious diseases, such as smallpox [11–13], measles [14,15], Zika fever [16], Ebola haemorrhagic fever [16,17], and rubella [18]. As for the proposed COVID-19 simulations, most are based on macro-scale mathematical models including the studies discussed in the previous section, but there are also some interesting agent-based models. Ferguson et al. reported that non-medical intervention such as wider social distancing, home isolation, and home quarantine throughout the UK and the United States may mitigate the spread of the infection to some degree, but as long as there is no prevention system such as a vaccine or antiviral drug, pressure on medical resources is unavoidable, and large numbers of fatalities are likely [19]. Based on this report, the UK government shifted immediately from its initial mass immunization strategy to strict intervention measures to ensure social distancing. Silva et al. simulated not only the epidemiological dynamics but also an estimation of the economic effect of various intervention scenarios with regard to ensuring social distancing and demonstrated that where a lockdown is unfeasible because of the scale of economic impact, a combination of the use of face masks and partial isolation is more realistic [20]. Aleta et al. constructed an agent-based model based on census research and movement data in the greater Boston area and demonstrated that by means of testing, contact tracing, and home quarantine after a period of strict social distancing, it was possible to resume economic activity while protecting the health system [21].