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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Tumor suppressor genes usually have an inhibitory effect on the normal cell cycle equivalent to the function of breaks in vehicles. Once they are deleted, or their role is reduced due to mutation or so, the cells will act like vehicles without breaks and be directly involved in cancer development. In this case, cellular growth proceeds unchecked because standard control mechanisms are not operative anymore. At the cellular level, normal proteins are no longer functional only when both alleles of the tumor suppressor gene are inactivated. Retinoblastoma is a type of cancer that is caused by a mutation that inhibits the RB1 gene [19, 20]. The two forms of retinoblastoma that exist are: The inherited form of retinoblastoma involves a germline mutation that is either inherited or new, plus another somatic mutation that affects the remaining allele and occurs later during development [18]. The nonhereditary form of retinoblastoma involves two somatic mutations that arise spontaneously in one retinal cell [20].
Proton Therapy for Paediatric Patients
Published in Manjit Dosanjh, Jacques Bernier, Advances in Particle Therapy, 2018
Masashi Mizumoto, Yoshiko Oshiro, Hideyuki Sakurai
Retinoblastoma has high sensitivity to radiotherapy; therefore, definitive radiotherapy of 40–45 Gray in 20–25 fractions is the first treatment choice. However, secondary cancer and growth retardation are severe problems after radiotherapy. PT can achieve excellent dose distribution with 1–2 ports, and this reduces the doses to the orbital bone and brain. Therefore, PT is well indicated for cases with optic nerve and extraocular invasion for eye preservation (Figure 10.2). Mouw et al. found no secondary cancer or cosmetic problems after PT for 49 patients with retinoblastoma [42]. These findings suggest that PT may also be applicable for other orbital diseases, such as haemangioma.
Dendrimers and Drug Delivery
Published in Zahoor Ahmad Parry, Rajesh Pandey, Dendrimers in Medical Science, 2017
Zahoor Ahmad Parry, Rajesh Pandey
Photodynamic therapy is known to be an efficient treatment modality for retinoblastoma besides various other solid tumors. Researchers have designed a photosensitizer, viz. porphyrin-based glyco-dendrimers with surface conjugated Concanavalin A (a mannose-specific ligand protein), for specifically targeting tumor cells in the retina. It was observed that the mannosylated dendrimers exhibited specific interactions with the receptors present in the lipid bilayer. The accumulation in malignant tissue was augmented [33]. Dendrimers have also been evaluated as drug carriers as well as photosensitizers for exudative AMD (age-related macular degeneration) and CNV treatment. Researchers investigated other porphyrin-based dendrimers for their therapeutic efficacy in retinal tumors and exudative AMD associated with CNV. The dendrimers demonstrated selective accumulation in the CNV lesions within 24 h following injection in a CNV rat model [46, 47]. The same workers developed phthalocyanine core-based dendrimeric photosensitizers for compacting and delivering specific therapeutic genes using a targeting approach. The transgene expression was monitored in the irradiated areas only, following subconjunctival injection of the dendrimers, later followed by laser irradiation [48]. Other workers investigated the accumulation of DP (dendrimer porphyrin), DP-encapsulated polymeric micelles, and the efficacy of PDT (photodynamic therapy) using a murine corneal neovascularization model. In this approach, a G3 aryl ether dendrimer zinc porphyrin having carboxyl terminal groups and polymeric micelles made up of DP and PEG-poly(L-lysine) were employed for PDT as a photosensitizer preparation. The results revealed that following administration, both DP and DP-micelle accumulated in the neovascularized area within 1 hour to 24 hours [49].
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Pediatric Ocular Pathology: Imaging Study of 115 eyes
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
The predominant primary clinical diagnosis was cataract in 40 (34.8%) eyes. This included congenital and developmental cataract in 26.1% eyes, and secondary to trauma, uveitis, and steroid or fluoxetine usage in 15.7%. Corneal disease came second with 28 (24.3%) eyes including corneal scars, keratoconus, and congenital anomalies like cornea plana, microcornea, and Peter’s anomaly. Glaucoma came in third in 18 (15.7%), with the majority being JOAG, steroid-induced in the rest, and one case of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) in advanced retinoblastoma. Trauma accounted for a total of 15 (13%) eyes, with blunt trauma in the majority. Conjunctival tumors and ectopia lentis accounted for 3 (2.6%) eyes each. Congenital diseases accounted for the majority of our cohort. (Table 1) 24 (20.9%) eyes had a positive systemic association tabulated in Table 1. The structural pathology of AS-OCT was also documented, analyzed, and tabulated (Table 2).
MicroRNA-98 is a prognostic factor for asbestos-induced mesothelioma
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Kihun Kim, Yeji Ko, Hyeoncheol Oh, Mihyang Ha, Junho Kang, Eun Jung Kwon, Ji Wan Kang, Youngjoo Kim, Hye Jin Heo, Guanghwi Kim, Jung Won Kim, Yun Hak Kim
In this survival analysis, only hsa-miR-98 in the asbestos-exposure group showed a significant difference in expression. The hsa-miR-98 is an important component of the let-7 family acts as a tumor suppressor (Xia et al. 2018). The miR-98 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells in several cancers. miR-98 inhibits the following: glioma by targeting Sal-like protein 4; nasopharyngeal cancer by targeting STAT3; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) by targeting TWIST; and retinoblastoma by targeting IGF1R/k-ras/MEK/ERK signaling pathways (Guo et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2017; Zhou et al. 2017). Moya et al. (2019)reported that enhanced expression of hsa-miR-98 is associated with high survival time and low metastasis in lung cancer, melanoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Surprisingly, the expression of hsa-miR-98 was negatively correlated with survival time in the present study. It is conceivable that the management of aggressiveness and progression of asbestos-induced MPM might require high levels of hsa-miR-98 due to its tumor-suppressive role.
Ozone ultrafine bubble water induces the cellular signaling involved in oxidative stress responses in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Anongwee Leewananthawet, Shinichi Arakawa, Tokuju Okano, Ryo Daitoku Kinoshita, Hiroshi Ashida, Yuichi Izumi, Toshihiko Suzuki
In RNA-seq analysis, we identified the several differentially expressed genes in OUFBW-treated cells. The most up-regulated metallothionein-1G is a member of intracellular cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins. Metallothioneins are involved in the array of protective stress responses against various stimuli including oxidative stress [18]. The genes coding metallothioneins have many response elements for up-regulation of transcription in its promoter region that includes ARE. The transcription factor Nrf2 can bind ARE to induce cytoprotective responses to oxidative stress [16]. Therefore, the results suggest the possibility of Nrf2-mediated up-regulation of metallothioneins, which may play a role in protective stress responses against OUFBW stimulation. On the other hand, transcription factor HES1 has been reported to cooperate with retinoblastoma protein to activate transcription factor RUNX2, which is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation [22,23]. It may be possible that up-regulated HES1 is involved in osteoblast differentiation in periodontal ligaments. Furthermore, the c-Fos up-regulation in RNA-seq analysis is consistent with the activation MAPK pathway and the nuclear translocation of c-Fos in our study.