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In vivo neutron activation analysis and photon scattering
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Total body techniques have been used primarily to derive calcium indices for populations of patients with metabolic bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia and renal osteodystrophy or in groups of patients with endocrine disorders [17]. Total body calcium indices relate calcium in given groups of patients to those in comparable normal patients matched for age and sex and perhaps other nutritional or body habitus parameters (cf. section 12.2.3).
Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The pattern of cortical and medullary bone loss can characterise and assess severity of metabolic disorders including hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia and renal osteodystrophy, osteoporosis, rickets and several rare congenital disorders.
Bone aluminum measured in miners exposed to McIntyre powder
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2022
L. M. Bickley, J. Martell, D. Cowan, D. Wilken, W. Yan, F. E. McNeill, A. Zarnke, K. Hedges, D. R. Chettle
Aluminum is ubiquitous in 21st-century society and is generally treated as innocuous, being commonly used, for example, in cooking utensils. However, there are circumstances in which there are toxic effects on humans (Igbokwe et al. 2019). Some early data were obtained from observation of renal patients, who were exposed to high levels of aluminum in dialysate. Neurological effects were observed and the term “dialysis encephalopathy syndrome” (Alfrey et al. 1976) was coined emphasizing the neurological degeneration, which could prove fatal. In addition, aluminum accumulation in bone in patients suffering from renal failure was noted in 1971 (Parsons et al. 1971) and this was later associated with renal osteodystrophy, particularly osteomalacia (Ott et al. 1982). Again, the presumed route of exposure was through dialysate. These issues appear largely to have been resolved by the removal of aluminum from the treatment. (Nebeker and Coburn 1986). While it is clear that aluminum directly injected into the bloodstream can be harmful, the effects of aluminum inhalation are less clear. Other routes of exposure to excess aluminum were found in factory workers bagging aluminum silicates for cat litter (Musk et al. 1980), aluminum fumes from welding (Elinder et al. 1991), and working in aluminum foundries (Sińczuk-Walczak et al. 2003) to name a few.
A new biosensor for osteoporosis detection
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2019
Sevilay Inal Kabala, Hulya Yagar, Hakkı Mevlut Ozcan
Ocn is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in the bone structure.[13] It is a protein with 44-amino acid (5.8 kDa) length which is synthesized by osteoblasts.[14] Most of the Ocn molecules bind the inorganic part of the bone (hydroxyapatite) into the bone matrix. Vitamin K-dependent asit-glutamyl carboxy transferase converts glutamic acid residues (Glu) at positions 17, 21, and 24 of the Ocn molecule into the gamma-glutamic acids.[15] This modification increases the negative charge density of Ocn molecule, thus provides to have high affinity to calcium and hydroxyapatite and become more stabilized the α-helical structures, and also Ocn plays a role in bone calcification by binding calcium ions. Because it is released from the matrix to circulation during bone resorption, it is considered to be a sign of bone turnover.[16] Also, it increases vitamin D synthesis.[17] The serum Ocn levels increase in some diseases including paget disease, acromegaly, puberty, primary hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, renal osteodystrophy and untreated osteomalacia, metastatic bone diseases, whereas they decrease in some patients treated with glucocorticoid such as hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, multiple myeloma, and malignant hypercalcemia in estrogen use.[18] Recently, it has been suggested that there may be a relationship between Ocn, obesity, and insulin resistance.[19,20] Ocn is a specific and sensitive marker to evaluate the risk of osteoporosis and to monitor treatment responses.[21] Ocn level is generally considered to be 9–42 µg L−1 in individuals over 18 years of age. Clinically, Ocn amount in serum is determined by using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and RIA method.