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The Cause of Pressure Sores
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
The reported annual incidence of spinal cord injury varies according to source; however, recent reports considered to be accurate indicate the annual rate is now between 30.0 and 32.1 per million persons at risk in the United States (Kennedy 1986). Mawson et al (1988) show that between 32 and 40% of spinal cord injured (SCI) persons develop a pressure sore within their lifetime. After severing of the spinal cord, many physiological changes take place in the body. Two well known changes are that a patient will lose both sensory perception and the ability to move in the portions of his body that have lost their nerve connections to the brain. The closer to the brain that the spinal cord is completely severed, the greater is the portion of the body rendered paralyzed. Quadriplegic persons sustain injuries to one of the eight cervical vertebrae. Paraplegic persons sustain injuries to either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions of the spinal cord. Figure 1.8 shows some of the changes that cause an increased susceptibility to pressure sore development.
Biological Engineering Solutions
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
There is a burgeoning activity in electrophysiology and applications of electronics to diagnostics and health maintenance systems. Modern biomedical instrumentation has found applications as wide-ranging as deep brain stimulation, artificial retina, cochlear implant, artificial heart and left ventricular-assist devices (LVADs), neurostimulators for pain relief, prosthetics and sensors with neural attachments to give feeling to amputees, incontinence-control implants, and chips for drug delivery. Brain implants can allow quadriplegic patients to control robotic arms to move as the patients wish (Strickland, 2015). Intracranial implanted electrical stimulators have been used to treat epileptic seizures. Other electrical systems stimulate the Vagus nerve for the same purpose (Denison et al., 2015).
Impact of AI, IoT and Big Data Analytics in Diseases Diagnosis and Prediction
Published in Pushpa Singh, Divya Mishra, Kirti Seth, Transformation in Healthcare with Emerging Technologies, 2022
Ambrish Kumar Sharma, Apoorva Joshi
Despite the fact that AI research in healthcarҽ is developing, much of it is still focused on a diseasҽ that is not avoidable. We will go over a few examples below:Carcinoma: In a double-blinded validation analysis, İBM Watson for onсology, as proved by Şomashekhar et al., would be a reliable Aİ tool for helping cancer dìagnosis. Clinical images were analyzed by Esteva et al. (2017) to classify skin cancer subtypes.Neurology: Bouton et al. (2016) developed an AI system to help quadriplegic patients regain control of their movements. Ƒarina et al. (2017) looked at the efficiency of an offline man/machìne interface that uses the discharge timings of spinal motor neurons to control upper-lìmb prosthesis.Cardiology: Ɗilsizian and Ṣiegel et al. (2014) spoke about how the AI system could be used to diagnose heart disease using cardiac images.Early detection is critical because early treatment for all three illnesses is necessary to prevent patients’ health from deteriorating, and all are primary causes of death. Furthermore, by enhancing research methods, genetics, etc., which is the AI system’s ability, early diagnosis may be possible. Aİ has been used in the past to treat a variety of other ailments. Two recent examples are L̇ong et al. (2017), who used ocular image evidence to diagnose congenital cataract disease, and Ǵulshan et al. (2016), who employed retinal fundus images to identify referable diabetic retinopathy.
Exploration of Assistive Technologies Used by People with Quadriplegia Caused by Degenerative Neurological Diseases
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2018
Wenxin Feng, Mehrnoosh Sameki, Margrit Betke
Quadriplegia can result from degenerative neurological diseases, such as Muscular Dystrophy (MD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease), or from brain and spinal cord injuries, for example, due to motor vehicle accidents, battlefield injuries, and stroke. Worldwide, millions of individuals are affected by disorders or injuries that cause severe motor impairments. A total of 15,000 Americans were diagnosed with ALS in 2013 (Mehta et al., 2016), according to the National ALS Registry. MS is estimated to affect more than 2.3 million people worldwide (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2016), and every hour someone new is diagnosed. The estimation of severe paralysis prevalence varies widely due to different data collection and analysis methodologies. The estimated numbers of individuals with spinal cord injuries worldwide range from 236 to 4,187 per million (Witiw & Fehlings, 2015).