China 
Africa 
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Paediatrics
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis refers to progressive gastric outlet obstruction due to idiopathic hypertrophy of the circular muscle fibres of the pylorus. Clinical presentation is usually at around 6 weeks of age, with forceful non-bile stained vomiting leading to dehydration and hypokalaemic alkalosis. Palpation of a pyloric muscular mass in the right upper quadrant of an infant with a typical clinical history is diagnostic of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and imaging is not required in such cases.
A medicolegal approach to the very rare Auto-Brewery (endogenous alcohol fermentation) syndrome
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Auto-Brewery Syndrome is defined as the production of ethanol by microorganisms becoming dominant when inhabiting the gastrointestinal system or through the impairment of flora because of carbohydrate-rich nutrition, and the elevation of levels of measured ethanol. The first case recorded in the literature was in 1948 when a 5-year-old African boy died after developing a perforation in the posterior abdominal wall due to excessive gas distention in the abdomen. Gram-negative cocci and bacilli were found in the samples taken following detection of the smell of alcohol during the autopsy. Although it has been found that these organisms can ferment sugar and generate excessive gas, the factor(s) could not be isolated (Ladkin and Davies 1948). In 1952, Candida was isolated as a factor in samples taken after toxification signs were observed in a 46-year-old male patient who had been operated on for pyloric stenosis (Sato 1952). The identified factors include the Candida species, Torulopsis glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Kaji et al. 1984). As a rare condition globally, Auto-Brewery Syndrome has a forensic aspect as well as a clinical aspect. Following forensic events, blood alcohol levels of the individuals with this syndrome measure as high and the persons may face various sanctions depending on the nature of event. The scientific studies so far which addresses Auto-Brewery Syndrome clinically were all case reports for that reason there is no study on its prevalence.