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Cardiovascular system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the commonest preventable causes of death in hospital inpatients. PE is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in postoperative patients, as well as in patients with other risk factors such as prolonged bed rest, malignancy and cardiac failure. Symptoms of PE may include pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath, cough and haemoptysis; a large number of PEs are clinically silent. Clinical signs. such as hypotension, tachycardia, reduced oxygen saturation and ECG changes (S1 Q3 T3) are non-specific and often absent. As such, the clinical diagnosis of PE is problematical and usually requires confirmation with imaging studies including CXR, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), and ventilation/perfusion nuclear lung scan (V/Q scan).
Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases
Published in Sarwar Beg, Mahfoozur Rahman, Md. Abul Barkat, Farhan J. Ahmad, Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Disease, 2019
Brahmeshwar Mishra, Sundeep Chaurasia
Because so many disorders can result in severe pulmonary hypertension and treatments may vary dramatically, it is important for a thorough evaluation to occur when pulmonary hypertension is detected or suspected. For instance, pulmonary hypertension related to blood clots in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary embolism and thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension) requires anticoagulation and, in some cases, surgical removal of the clots. Because about 250,000 cases of pulmonary embolism occur each year in the United States, thousands of patients are annually at risk of residual pulmonary hypertension from this disorder (Silverstein et al., 1998). The actual number is not easily determined because most cases of pulmonary embolism go undiagnosed.
Clinical Applications of Immunoassays
Published in Richard O’Kennedy, Caroline Murphy, Immunoassays, 2017
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot in one or more arteries in the lungs and usually arises from a venous thrombosis in the pelvis or legs. D-dimers, the degradation products of thrombi, can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of a PE. Although D-dimers have good sensitivity and negative predictive value, they have a poor specificity and positive predictive value. An elevated D-dimer level is not diagnostic of a PE as D-dimers are also increased in patients with renal failure, malignancy, and in those who have undergone recent surgery and hospitalisation. Multiple immunoassays have been developed to measure D-dimers including rapid ELISA methods [42].
Numerical simulation and in vitro experimental study of thrombus capture efficiency of a new retrievable vena cava filter
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Haiquan Feng, Changsheng Li, Haoxiang Feng
Pulmonary embolism has become the third major cardiovascular disease following the coronary disease and the cerebrovascular disease. The mortality rate of pulmonary embolism is relatively high, with 95% being caused by thrombus originating from deep veins of lower extremity and pelvic veins (Chen and Hanwei, 2017). Vena cava filter is a mechanical filter device to prevent pulmonary embolism. The ascending thrombus from the lower extremity and pelvic venous system can be intercepted by physical means, thereby preventing the occurrence of fatal pulmonary embolism (Alain et al., 2012). The vena cava filter is placed in the inferior vena cava, and fixed in the blood vessel through a support. The reflux blood is filtered by the filter wire and filter column to capture the floating embolism in the blood, thereby preventing pulmonary embolism (Dria and Eggers, 2016). The vena cava filter is implanted into the inferior vena cava of the human body through a delivery system. The surgery is simple, safe and minimally invasive, and serves as the main method for preventing and treating pulmonary embolism in addition to thro mbolysis and anticoagulation (Christoph et al., 2009). However, when a filter is implanted into vessels, it will have a certain impact on the blood vessel wall and blood flow, resulting in short-term or long-term complications. Therefore, an ideal filter should feature excellent thrombus capture efficiency, satisfactory biocompatibility and nuclear magnetic compatibility while having relatively low interference to the blood flow.
Review of pulmonary emboli and techniques for their mechanical removal to inform device design
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Jessica Brand, Roger McGowan, Amit Nimunkar
Pulmonary emboli (PEs) are objects that migrate to the pulmonary arteries (PAs) and partially or fully occlude blood flow to the lungs [1]. PEs affect up to 600,000 individuals in the United States annually, with estimated mortality rates as high as one in three patients [1,2]. This makes it the third most common acute cardiovascular disease in the U.S. [3]. PEs pose a global problem as well, accounting for approximately one in four global deaths based on data from 2010 [4]. Estimating PE prevalence and morality rates is challenging, since not all PE cases are properly diagnosed. Some estimate that as high as 70% of PE survivors do not get a proper PE diagnosis [5]. Further, some PEs can cause very sudden death, which means not all PE patients are hospitalised [2]. Therefore, the reported burden of disease may be higher in reality [1,2].
A two step workflow for pulmonary embolism detection using deep learning and feature extraction
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
G. Olescki, João M.C. Clementin de Andrade, Dante L. Escuissato, Lucas F. Oliveira
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a clinical condition where the patient has a thrombus (clot that moves from elsewhere in the body) in pulmonary vessels, and this thrombus can harshly reduce or even interrupt the blood flow of the artery, which can be fatal (Huisman et al. 2018). It may cause up to 300,000 deaths per year in the US (Konstantinides et al. 2019). The mortality rate (30%) can be reduced to, as low as 2% with an early diagnosis, showing that a fast and accurate diagnosis is critical to saving those lives (Jha et al. 2013; Sadigh et al. 2011).