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Molecular Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Sushma Mishra, Dipinte Gupta, Rajiv Ranjan
After discussing the regulatory role of TFs in controlling the expression of stress-responsive genes, it becomes necessary to mention the role of various post-translational modifications (including phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, etc.) involved in the abiotic stress signal transduction pathway. These protein modifications bring about a change in protein conformation and facilitate in transmitting the stress signal through intermediates from the cytosol to nuclei. For example, the activity of AREB1 TF is regulated by ABA-dependent phosphorylation by SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) (Furihata et al., 2006). The stability of various proteins or intermediates of the signaling pathway is often regulated by ubiquitination. The ubiquitination is a process of ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to a lysine residue of a target protein can regulate its stability, activity and trafficking, thereby modulating the protein turnover in response to external stimulus (Lyzenga and Stone, 2011).
Proteases in Leather Processing
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Vasudeo P. Zambare, Smita S. Nilegaonkar
In all cell systems the protein turnover is delicately balanced between its synthesis and degradation by different intracellular proteases. For example, in a growing bacterium, 1–3% of the cell protein is degraded into amino acids every hour. Apart from this, protein turnover is an essential factor in the environmental adaptation of a cell, particularly in an environment lacking in protein or amino acids (Tanaka et al., 1998). There is a plethora of evidence to indicate that proteases are involved in modulation of gene expression, modification of the enzyme and its secretion processes and in the control of translation by modification of enzyme associated with ribozyme (Atsumi et al., 1989; Guzzo et al., 1991; Traidej et al., 2003; Peng et al., 2004).
The effect of sex hormones on skeletal muscle adaptation in females
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Sarah E. Alexander, Alexander C. Pollock, Séverine Lamon
E2 also does not seem to influence muscle protein turnover in vivo. Fourteen days of E2 treatment (0.1 mg·day−1) did not change MPS rates or the expression levels of regulators of muscle protein degradation MSTN, FST or FOXO3 mRNA in post-menopausal females (n = 24) (Smith et al., 2014). Similarly, one week of 0.15 mg·patch−1 E2 treatment in early (n = 13) or late (n = 14) menopausal females did not result in changes to the content of contractile muscle proteins (MHC, tropomyosin) and regulators of protein synthesis (Akt, pAkt) or breakdown (FOXO3, atrogin1) (Park et al., 2019). Interestingly, the ratio of FOXO3/pFOXO3 and MuRF1 protein content (both regulators of muscle protein degradation) decreased with E2 treatment in early-menopausal females but increased in late-menopausal females (Park et al., 2019). E2 may therefore have a protective effect against protein catabolism in early menopause, but this effect may diminish with age.
Transcriptomics uncover the response of an aerobic denitrifying bacteria to zinc oxide nanoparticles exposure
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Kongyan Luo, Long Chen, Yuanyi Zhao, Guyu Peng, Zhaobo Chen, Qian Chen
According to COG function classification, differentially expressed genes (DEGs, absolute fold change > 2 and < 0.5) were analyzed in the three comparison groups, which can be divided into 16 categories (Figure 3a). In C5/C0, DEGs were mostly related to the amino acid transport and metabolism (26.09%), followed by Inorganic ion transport and metabolism and Energy production and conversion (17.39%). In C50/C0, the top five biological functions of DEGs were related to Inorganic ion transport and metabolism (15.09%), Amino acid transport and metabolism (14.15%), Transcription (11.32%), Carbohydrate transport and metabolism (9.43%) and Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones (8.49%). This indicated that exposure to high ZnO NPs concentrations would not only affect energy production and the metabolism of inorganic ions, but also directly affect energy transportation. Furthermore, DEGs were mainly correlated to Inorganic ion transport and metabolism (10.53%) and Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones (8.77%) in C50/C5.
Decreased running economy is not associated with decreased force production capacity following downhill running in untrained, young men
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Leonardo C. R. Lima, Kazunori Nosaka, Trevor C. Chen, Ronei S. Pinto, Camila C. Greco, Benedito S. Denadai
It has been reported that unaccustomed and/or eccentric-biased exercises produce acute inflammatory responses that peak 1–2 days post-exercise (Chazaud, 2016). The inflammatory responses are followed by repair of damaged tissue, which elevates protein synthesis (Keefe & Wright, 2016). It is important to note that inflammation and protein synthesis are energy-demanding and increase resting metabolic rate (Dolezal, Potteiger, Jacobsen, & Benedict, 2000). Indeed, Welle and Nair (1990) showed that protein turnover accounts for 20% of resting metabolic rate in healthy adults. It seems likely that muscle fibre damage induced by DHR is minimum, but increased serum CK activity following DHR observed in the present study indicates that some muscle fibres were damaged. Thus, for these muscle fibres to be generated, more oxygen might be required. Jamurtas et al. (2004) demonstrated that resting metabolic rate increased for 48 h after 60-minutes level running at 70–75% VO2max or weight lifting. These changes may be accompanied by a decrease in RER, which represents a shift towards oxidative metabolism at rest. Accordingly, Burt et al. (2014) showed that both RE and resting metabolic rate increased for 48 h after performing 100 squats. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies investigating changes in resting metabolic rate induced by DHR. We speculate that the damage induced to lower limb muscles during DHR might have led to increased resting energy expenditure, which may be one of the factors affecting VO2 during submaximal running.