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RNA Regulation and Function in Nature
Published in Peixuan Guo, Kirill A. Afonin, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 2022
Zhefeng Li, Daniel W. Binzel, Peixuan Guo
RNA is the key genetic component in molecular biology central dogma that not only serves as the bridge between DNA (genome) and protein (function) but also has the property of both by itself (Guo, 2010, Li, Lee et al., 2015). Produced during transcription, RNA then serves as the template for protein synthesis during translation. RNA classically was believed to be a temporary product as part of the production of proteins that is then degraded at the end of translation. However, in today’s world it is well known that RNA plays a much larger role in nature than simply protein translation. This is evidenced by the fact that only ~1.5% of the human genome is translated into proteins, while 98.5% of the genome is transcribed into other functioning RNAs, known as non-coding RNA (ncRNA).
Genes and genomics
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
The tRNA is a small RNA molecule (usually about 74–95 nucleotides) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. It has a 3’ terminal site for amino acid attachment. This covalent linkage is catalyzed by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. It also contains a three-base region called the anticodon that can base pair to the corresponding three-base codon regions on mRNA. Each type of tRNA molecule can be attached to only one type of amino acid, but because the genetic code contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid, tRNA molecules bearing different anticodons may also carry the same amino acid (Figure 2.8).
Role of Microbial Biofilm in Agriculture and Their Impact on Environment
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
Asma Rehman, Lutfur Rahman, Ata Ullah, Muhammad Bilal Yazdani, Muhammad Irfan, Waheed S. Khan
Sulfate ion SO42+ is the available form of sulfur (S) to plants. As a component of certain amino acids, it involves in protein synthesis and stabilization. It plays a significant role in chlorophyll formation and metabolism of thiamine, coenzyme A, and B vitamin biotin. In plants, S deficiency leads to growth retardation, delayed maturity, and chlorosis. Deficiency symptoms are in someway similar to that of N; thus, it is necessary for a plant scientist to diagnose properly.
It's not just about protein turnover: the role of ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cells in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Matthew Stewart Brook, Daniel James Wilkinson, Ken Smith, Philip James Atherton
Protein synthesis is the process by which ribosomes create polypeptide chains through linking amino acids together in a specific order according to mRNA. As such, rates of protein synthesis can be modulated by the rate of mRNA translation, known as “translational efficiency”. A primary control point regulating translational efficiency and therefore protein synthesis in the majority of eukaryotic cells is by cap dependent translation. This involves the assembly of many eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF's) to form a preinitiation complex (PIC) that interacts with the 5′ end of an mRNA to instigate protein synthesis (for more detail readers are directed to [Jackson, Hellen, & Pestova, 2010]). However, with protein synthesis being an energy demanding processes (e.g. through peptide bonding) it is unsurprising that there is myriad of regulating signaling cascades, many of which culminate on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), that integrates signals such as exercise, AA availability and energy status to coordinate cellular metabolism (Goodman et al., 2011). Some of the best understood targets of mTOR are those directly involved in cap-dependent translation, including P70S6K1, 4E-BP1, and RPS6 that can enhance translation initiation and efficiency in the absence of ribosomal biogenesis (Chesley, MacDougall, Tarnopolsky, Atkinson, & Smith, 1992).
Eutrophication and browning influence Daphnia nutritional ecology
Published in Inland Waters, 2019
Sami J. Taipale, Sanni L. Aalto, Aaron W. E. Galloway, Kirsi Kuoppamäki, Polain Nzobeuh, Elina Peltomaa
Amino acids are required building blocks for protein synthesis, precursors for some molecules (e.g., nucleic acids), and the part of coenzymes and signaling molecules for regulating mRNA translation (Pardee 1954, Ronnestad et al. 1999, Fafournoux et al. 2000). Twenty of all known AAs are required for protein synthesis, of which 9 are called “essential” (EAA; histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, and lysine) because consumers cannot synthesize them de novo. In fish, restricted availability of EAA can lead to starvation (Ketola 1982), but almost no results have been published on the importance of AA for zooplankton. Traditionally, AAs were not considered limiting components in freshwater food webs, but high AA and EAA content of phytoplankton have recently been shown to explain high growth and reproduction rates of Daphnia, respectively (Peltomaa et al. 2017).
Isolation and Identification of Potent Alkaline Protease Producing Microorganism and Optimization of Biosynthesis of the Enzyme Using RSM
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2018
The potent strain F19 was identified by 18S rRNA sequencing. Comparisons of the sequence between different species suggest the degree to which they are related to each other. This was done by constructing phylogenetic tree using neighbor-joining method. The 18S rRNA sequence of strain TUSGF1 was deposited in Gen Bank under the accession number MF401426. According to 18S rRNA analysis of isolate TUSGF1 (F19), the isolate indicated 100% homology with Alternaria alternata TD4. To confirm its identity, PCR amplification and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene of this isolate was done. Ribosomal RNAs are essential elements in protein synthesis and are therefore conserved in all living organisms [22]. Although 18S rRNA analysis does not give authentic identification and differentiation of closely associated Alternaria sp. such as A. alternata, Alternaria arborescens, Alternaria tunuissima, Alternaria burnsii etc., it can be used for the purpose of initial relatedness (Figure 4).