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Biomolecules from Microalgae for Commercial Applications
Published in Kalyan Gayen, Tridib Kumar Bhowmick, Sunil K. Maity, Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application, 2019
Meghna Rajvanshi, Uma Shankar Sagaram, G. Venkata Subhash, G. Raja Krishna Kumar, Chitranshu Kumar, Sridharan Govindachary, Santanu Dasgupta
Apart from a superior AA profile, another important aspect of proteins from algae utilized as a food source is their protein quality. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and WHO, the protein quality is determined by the essential AA profile (which should match the requirements of the body), its digestibility and the bioavailability of the AAs (Gurevich 2014). Multiple methods are available to estimate protein quality: protein efficiency ratio (PER), biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU), protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS). Since 1989, PDCAAS has been the most recommended method by the FAO-WHO for protein quality evaluation. The PDCAAS of egg, whey and soy proteins are in the range of 0.9 to 1. In 2013, the FAO-WHO proposed replacing PDCAAS with DIAAS to address individual dietary AA digestibility (Lee et al. 2016). DIAAS can overcome the limitations of PDCAAS; however, the applicability of DIAAS will largely depend on sufficient research data in favor of DIAAS (Leser 2013).
Storage stability of powdered dairy ingredients: a review
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Arissara Phosanam, Jayani Chandrapala, Bogdan Zisu, Benu Adhikari
Zrekah et al.[109] studied the oxidation levels of protein in two infant formula products as a function of storage temperature (room temperature and refrigeration temperature) for 21 days. The level of protein carbonyls was used as the indicator of protein oxidation. Both formula products exhibited increased levels of carbonyl during storage at room as well as refrigeration temperature. In another study, Jensen et al.[110] investigated protein oxidation whey fat concentrate (WFC) with 13.5–21.5% fat and whey protein concentrate (WPC) with 6.5% fat. Both powders were stored for 1 year at 20 °C. This study showed that WFC had a higher level (susceptibility) of protein oxidation compared to the WPC indicating that oxidation of lipid can accelerate the oxidation of protein most probably due to transfer of reactive radicals from lipid to the protein. Otemuyiwa and Yahya[111] investigated the impact of storage on protein quality in infant formula products using available lysine and formation of protein carbonyls as indicators by storing them up to eleven months. It was shown that the concentration of protein carbonyls increased as the storage period is prolonged.[111]
Steam Explosion in alkaline medium for gelatine extraction from chromium-tanned leather wastes: time reduction and process optimization
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Bianca Santinon Scopel, Danielle Restelatto, Camila Baldasso, Aline Dettmer, Ruth Marlene Campomanes Santana
The optimum steam-explosion condition was determined using the software Statistica 12 (StatSoft Inc.) as well. Desirability function was used, and the parameters adopted for the process evaluation were the ones related to protein extraction yield and protein quality. The optimum condition was determined as the one that allowed higher protein extraction yield (measured in %), the higher protein concentration in an aqueous medium (measured as mg/L of protein determined through the Lowry method), and lower protein degradation. Protein degradation was measured through three different methods: viscosity (higher viscosity values indicate lower degradation), viscosity/TKN ratio (higher values indicate lower degradation), and protein measured through the Lowry method/protein measured as TKN ratio (higher values indicate lower degradation).
The importance of the calcium-to-magnesium ratio for phytoremediation of dairy industry wastewater using the aquatic plant Lemna minor L.
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Éamonn Walsh, Simona Paolacci, Gavin Burnell, Marcel A. K. Jansen
Phytoremediation refers to the process whereby plants, and associated microorganisms, are used to remove and/or degrade contaminants from soils and waters. Lemnaceae species, commonly referred to as duckweed (Landolt 1986), have been extensively studied for their phytoremediation potential. This potential relates to fast growth rates, relative tolerance to a range of pollutants, and high pollutant removal rates (Zayed et al. 1998; Cheng and Stomp 2009; Ziegler et al. 2015). Furthermore, the high protein content and good protein quality, i.e., desirable amino acid composition, make Lemnaceae biomass attractive as a potential component in animal feeds (Cheng and Stomp 2009; Anderson et al. 2011; Appenroth et al. 2017). Thus, where Lemnaceae are used to remediate uncontaminated agricultural waste streams, a circular economy approach can be considered. In this scenario, nutrients (most importantly N- and P-containing compounds) present in wastewater are recycled into animal feed. Re-using plant nutrients, such as phosphate, nitrate and ammonia, present in wastewater can generate income from waste, reduce the costs associated with storage and tertiary wastewater treatments, and prevent environmental damage (i.e., eutrophication) associated with release of nutrient-rich waste on to surface waters (Diaz and Rosenberg 2008; Conley et al. 2009).