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All About Wave Equations
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Mitochondrial DNA is only a small portion of the DNA in a cell; most of the DNA can be found in the cell nucleus. In most species on earth, including human beings, Mitochondrial DNA is inherited solely from the mother. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the mechanism to manufacture their own RNAs and new proteins. This process is called protein biosynthesis. Protein biosynthesis refers to the process whereby biological cells generate new sets of proteins (see Figure 2.19).
Fluoride and human health: Systematic appraisal of sources, exposures, metabolism, and toxicity
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Humayun Kabir, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Subhasish Tripathy
Excess ingestion of F− can induce chromosomal anomalies and genetic mutations in mammalian cells (Khalil, 1995; Tsutsui, Ide, & Maizumi, 1984). Even at a low concentration, F− has a prominent effect on DNA and protein biosynthesis. Excess F− may also cause alterations in cell morphology and nucleosome DNA fragmentation (Song, Lee, Lee, Hwang, & Kim, 2002; Zhan et al., 2006). The cytotoxic effect largely depends on the level, frequency, and duration of exposure. Exposure to F− prevents collagen synthesis in various tissues and organs such as the muscle, lungs, kidneys, trachea, skin, and tendons (Sharma, 1982). Many proteins associated with F− induced apoptosis are known, but the exact intercellular mechanism of cell death is still not clear (Agalakova & Gusev, 2012).
Circular RNA expression profiles following MC-LR treatment in human normal liver cell line (HL7702) cells using high-throughput sequencing analysis
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Shuilin Zheng, Cong Wen, Shu Yang, Yue Yang, Fei Yang
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital organelle in eukaryotes responsible for protein biosynthesis and modification. The protein folding processing in the ER was sensitive to intracellular and extracellular stimulant resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins leading to ER stress (ERS) (Chong, Shastri, and Eri 2017). Akamatsu et al. (2009) suggested that ERS affected cellular homeostasis and morphology with reduction of functional proteins and induced cellular apoptosis. Qin et al. (2010) noted that ERS signaling was activated in liver and kidneys of mice after intraperitoneal injection of MC-LR. In our study, target genes of differentially expressed circRNAs induced by MC-LR were also activated by ERS signaling, suggesting the observed liver damage may also be associated with ERS signaling pathway stimulation.
Chelate based phytoremediation study for attenuation of chromium toxicity stress using lemongrass: Cymbopogon flexuosus (nees ex steud.) W. Watson
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Deepak Kumar Patra, Chinmay Pradhan, Hemanta Kumar Patra
The observations suggested that chlorophyl and protein biosynthesis significantly accelerated in plants when grown on both Cr+6-Fe- EDTA and Cr+6-Mg in comparison to Cr+6. However, application of all chelating agents and metal ions showed enhanced effect of pigments and protein biosynthesis (Patnaik et al. 2012). Similar results on the impact of Chromium toxicity in different plants are available (Wallace et al. 1976; Zayed et al. 1998; Raskin and Smith 1997). An enhancement in proline amount has been seen in the plants propagate under chelate–assisted Cr+6 contaminated soil. In Lemongrass, proline accumulation was enhanced with the application of Cr+6-DTPA, Cr+6-Fe-EDTA and Cr+6- in the soil solution (Figure 1). Proline gathering is a principal parameter to evaluate the influence of stress on plants (Mohanty and Patra 2011). Proline accumulation helps in non-enzymatic free radical detoxification where enhancement of proline amount is served as weapon to protect the cells from osmo-protection and also prevent the denaturation of important biomolecules (Khan et al. 2002). The calculated F values against different biochemical parameters are significant at 5% level (P < .05).