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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Surgery is a common procedure done for the treatment of non-hematological cancers. During surgery, a surgeon excises the cancer tissues, a procedure that can either result in a partial or a complete cure. The surgery is usually accompanied with side effects that depend on the cancer type and on the health condition of the patient. The complete removal of cancer from the body is not possible if there is metastasis of cancer to other body parts [109]. In general, tumor resection is typically done to localized cancers that are small in size. Some of these surgical procedures that remove tumors include prostatectomy for prostate cancer and mastectomy for breast cancer. Surgical procedures to resect a tumor do not ensure the complete removal of cancer cells. A single cancer cell that is left out can regrow into a tumor and metastasize to other body parts. Other cancer treatment procedures can be performed before or after tumor resection by surgery to remove the tissues that are affected [110, 111].
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Published in Chad A. Mirkin, Spherical Nucleic Acids, 2020
C. Shad Thaxton, Robert Elghanian, Audrey D. Thomas, Savka I. Stoeva, Jae-Seung Lee, Norm D. Smith, Anthony J. Schaeffer, Helmut Klocker, Wolfgang Horninger, Georg Bartsch, Chad A. Mirkin
We obtained banked post radical prostatectomy serum samples collected prospectively from 18 men who had undergone surgery for clinically localized prostate cancer with curative intent. Patient characteristics, clinical data, and follow-up data are found in Table 84.1. All of the patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer through a PSA screening study for the early detection of prostate cancer [19]. The nonrecurrent men had persistently undetectable serum PSA levels when measured with conventional assays (see above). Nine of the men developed PSA evidence of recurrence (i.e., biochemical recurrence) defined as a postprostatectomy PSA value >0.2 ng/mL. The banked serum samples were provided from the Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University (H.K., W.H., and G.B.). The ethics committee at Innsbruck Medical University approved the use of the archival patient serum samples used in this study.
MRI Imaging of Seminal Vesicle Invasion (SVI) in Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Gyan Pareek, Jasjit S. Suri, Prostate Cancer Imaging, 2018
Samuel A. Gold, Graham R. Hale, Kareem N. Rayn, Vladimir Valera, Jonathan B. Bloom, Peter A. Pinto
Common sites of local recurrence are retrovesical, at the vesicourethral anastomosis around the urinary bladder or membranous urethra, at the resection site of the vas deferens and at the anterior or lateral surgical margins of the prostatectomy bed. After RP, fibrosis and atrophic remnants of seminal vesicles are observed in approximately 20% of patients and must be distinguished from local relapse. Fibrotic remnants of seminal vesicles demonstrate very low signal intensity. In cases where a seminal vesicle shows an area of focally increased T2 signal intensity, it may be mimicking a local recurrence. However, retained seminal vesicles would not demonstrate diffusion restriction or rapid contrast wash-in and washout on DCE as a recurrent PCa would [98].
Automatic pathology of prostate cancer in whole mount slides incorporating individual gland classification
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Sabrina Rashid, Guy Nir, Ladan Fazli, Alexander H. Boag, D. Robert Siemens, S. Larry Goldenberg, Purang Abolmaesumi, Septimiu E. Salcudean
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and ranks high among the total cancer related deaths of men worldwide stat. The usual PCa screening process involves a prostate specific antigen test and/or a digital rectal examination. Anomalies in these tests lead clinicians to conduct prostate biopsy. Examination of the microscopic biopsy specimens by pathologists is required for confirming the diagnosis of malignancy and guiding the treatment (Zhu et al. 2006). In case of localised cancers, surgeons often perform radical prostatectomy (RP) on patients, i.e. surgical removal of the entire prostate. The histopathology slices obtained from the cross section of these ex vivo prostates are termed as whole mount (WM) slides. A typical prostate WM slide can be seen in Figure 1. The black contour is the coarse annotation marked by the pathologist on the slide before digitisation.
Discriminative Spectral Pattern Analysis for Positive Margin Detection of Prostate Cancer Specimens using Light Reflectance Spectroscopy
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2018
Rahilsadat Hosseini, Henry Chan, Payal Kapur, Jeffrey Cadeddu, Hani Liu, Shouyi Wang
Prostate cancer is the second largest cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States after lung cancer. For localized prostate cancer, one treatment is prostatectomy, which surgically removes the cancer-containing prostate gland. During the surgery, the prostate gland and surrounding tissue is excised, with the best hope that all the cancer cells are completely removed while maximally preserving healthy surrounding tissue. However, due to limited time, technology, and analysis currently available, any prostate cancer cells already spread on the capsule and/or surrounding tissue are too small to be seen/detected by the surgeon’s naked eyes and thus may be left behind as positive surgical margins. As stated in Giller et al. (2003), there is no globally accepted approach for positive margin (PM) detection of prostate cancer; partial sampling can be used to measure this feature of prostate cancer. Partial sampling can easily miss about 13% to 21% of PMs and even slightly more in patients with low-risk to intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Qiu et al. (2010), discuss ways to minimize the likelihood of a positive margin; one way is to use the Gleason score (a clinical grading). The tissue sample is painted on the external surface with different colors of ink to designate left and right sides prior to slicing. The tissue slices are used to evaluate the margins; one possible clinical feature is Gleason score as the criteria for the positive surgical margin. For example, a high GS (greater than 7) is a sign of PM. In a more recent study (Sharma et al., 2012), a video-rate structured illumination microscopy (VR-SIM) of a removed tumor is established as an alternative to intra-operative frozen section pathology to identify PM, the minimization of which will reduce additional treatment and minimize tumor recurrence. This method is able to generate gigapixel panorama images of the surface that can be interpreted by pathologists. In the previous studies of our own research team, (Kim et al., 2010; Morgan et al., 2016), we found that intraoperative frozen section analysis is time-consuming and inefficient.