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Arsenic Poisoning through Ages
Published in M. Manzurul Hassan, Arsenic in Groundwater, 2018
Arsenic can target the product of a genetic lesion behind a specific type of leukemia, mainly the acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Zhang et al. (2017a) considered APL to be a malignancy of the bone marrow, which is characterized by abnormal accumulation of promyelocyte. Arsenic trioxide was previously described to be able to induce apoptosis and differentiation in APL cells. The therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide in APL cells is strongly associated with the growth suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) (Chen et al., 2015). Since 1970, as an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine, arsenic trioxide has been used to treat cancer (Sweeney et al., 2010). Arsenic trioxide can induce remission in more than 90% of patients, but it is ineffective in patients with non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (Coe and Schimmer, 2008). In 1878, it was found that Fowler's solution could be effective in lowering the white blood cell count in leukemia patients. Arsenic has also a rich history as a cancer chemotherapeutic. The use of arsenical pastes and arsenic trioxide was found to be effective for the treatment of skin and breast cancer (Antman, 2001). Arsenic trioxide emerged as an effective chemotherapeutic drug for treating APL based on its mechanism as an inducer of apoptosis (programmed cell death) (Fenaux et al., 2001; Rojewski et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2001a, 2017a). Moderate to high doses (between 0.06 and 0.2 mg/kg/day) of arsenic trioxide given for a period of 30 days can induce remissions in patients with APL (Bode and Dong, 2002; Platanias, 2009; Soignet et al., 1998; Zhu et al., 1997).
Fractional gravitational search-radial basis neural network for bone marrow white blood cell classification
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2018
Namdev Devidas Pergad, Satish T. Hamde
The bone marrow sample cell microscopic images are collected from the sysmex [36] which is publically available for the experimentation. This dataset contains the information about the cell size, nucleus shape, nuclear chromatin, N/C ratio, cytoplasm colour, and granule nucleoli. The dataset contains six categories: myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, and PMN. Each category consists of five microscopic images of the bone marrow WBC cells. The features extracted from the images are used for the correct classification of the images in the folders into the respective category of WBC based on the nucleus feature.