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Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Hormone-producing tumours are often very small when first clinically suspected as their symptoms are due to the excessive hormone production and not mass effect. A hormone-producing tumour may become large before presentation if hormone production is low or the clinical syndrome is vague, as may occur with prolactin-producing tumours: patients with a prolactinoma may have galactorrhoea for some time before diagnosis.
Incidence of bone stress injury is greater in competitive female distance runners with menstrual disturbances independent of participation in plyometric training
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Mark J Hutson, Emma O’Donnell, Emily Petherick, Katherine Brooke-Wavell, Richard C Blagrove
A total of 1,242 females were contacted via social media and email. Running clubs, based in the UK, were contacted directly by the lead investigator to request that an email be circulated to female members. To be eligible, participants had to be aged 18–40, premenopausal, not currently pregnant and self-identify as a middle- (800 m–5000 m) or long-distance (5000 m to ultra-marathon) runner, including fell and trail runners. Participants were excluded if they: did not compete at local level or higher, ran fewer than three times per week, currently used hormonal contraception, used anabolic or corticosteroids within the previous 12 months, or had ever received clinical diagnosis of a pathology that impacted menstrual function (common examples were provided, see Supplementary material). In the end, 183 competitive female distance runners met the eligibility criteria and participated in this study. Many respondents violated two or more criteria, but the most common were not competing at local level or higher (n = 627) and hormonal contraceptive use (n = 426). Reported diagnosed pathologies that impacted menstrual function and precluded participation, included: thyroid dysfunction (n = 64), polycystic ovarian syndrome (n = 48), uterine fibroids or polyps and ovarian cysts (n = 13), endometriosis (n = 9), prolactinoma/hyperprolactinaemia (n = 5).