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Telescopes for Inner Space: Fiber Optics and Endoscopes
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
Colon (also called colorectal) cancer is the third most common cancer in the US (apart from skin cancers) with 145,600 new cases in 2019, according to the American Cancer Society. It is also the second most deadly form of cancer in the US, after lung cancer, causing around 51,000 deaths per year. However, even if genetic testing gives you advanced notice by establishing that you have a genetic predisposition, no drug currently exists to safeguard you from eventually developing the disease. Your only recourse is to maintain a healthy lifestyle and to have regular screenings for precancerous growths. These growths, called polyps or adenomas, can be removed safely before they have progressed into malignant tumors. By searching for and removing polyps at an early stage, where the cancer remains localized and survival rates are 90%, physicians hope to virtually eliminate this painful and deadly disease. Indeed, the death rate from colon cancer has dropped significantly over the past 15 years, and early detection and treatment is thought to play a major role in this decline – this is one case where physicians can prevent cancer with advanced notice.
Bowel Polyp Detection in Capsule Endoscopy Images with Color and Shape Features
Published in Yunhui Liu, Dong Sun, Biologically Inspired, 2017
A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue protruding from the mucous membrane. Polyps are commonly found in the intestine, stomach, and so on. Intestinal polyps grow out of the lining of the small and large bowels, and they come in a variety of shapes—round, droplets, and so on. They also exhibit different colors. Figure 11.3 shows a few normal CE images, and Figure 11.4 shows some CE images with different polyps that vary in color, size, and shape (refer to color originals in Li and Meng 2009e). From these illustrations, it can be noticed that polyps show some differences in color compared to normal CE images. Moreover, polyps demonstrate some specific shape features. These interesting properties motivated us to investigate the combination of color and shape features to discriminate normal CE images from polyp CE images. We proposed a novel color feature based on a histogram of the chromaticity channel in hue, saturation, intensity (HSI) color space and then integrated it with a traditional but powerful shape feature, that is, Zernike moments, for CE images.
CAD of GI Diseases with Capsule Endoscopy
Published in de Azevedo-Marques Paulo Mazzoncini, Mencattini Arianna, Salmeri Marcello, Rangayyan Rangaraj M., Medical Image Analysis and Informatics: Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Therapy, 2018
Polyp is one of the most common intestinal diseases among adults, occurring in 30%–50% of adults under 50 years old. For people more than 50 years old, this percentage goes up to 90%. As shown in Figure 13.2a–c, polyp is defined as growing protrusions of mucosa inside the intestine due to excessive proliferation of tissue and inflammation or deep-seated malformations [11]. Although sometimes polyps are benign, virtually all colon and rectal cancers start from them [12]. Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians to detect polyps in their early stage automatically and cure them before they deteriorate to cancer cells.
Investigate the role of PIK3CA gene expression in colorectal polyp development
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Ameer Ali Imarah, Rana Ahmed Najm, Haider Ali Alnaji, Saleem Khteer Al-Hadraawy, Abbas F. Almulla, Hussein Raof Al-Gazali
A polyp is a mass that protrudes into the lumen of a hollow duct or organ. Colorectal polyps are classified according to histological properties as neoplastic (malignant potential) or non-neo-plastic, including hyperplastic, inflammatory, or hamartomatous polyps. As with any disease in the human body, when diagnosed at the early stages of development, the treatment protocol becomes easy and simple also, with low side effects when compared with the final stages of diseases development, therefore it so important to diagnose the neoplastic polyps in the early stage of development [18]. Thus, the current study attempted to show the role of PIK3CA expression in colorectal polyp development. The patient group was divided into three age groups (50–59 years), (60–69 years), and (70–80 years), including 35 patients, 7 patients, and 24 patients, respectively. In general, age classification in the current study agrees with a study that found a high prevalence of colorectal polyp cases diagnosed in the age above 50 years. The current study is compatible with the results of recent studies [19,20]. The variations of cases in each age group may occur due to many causes; colorectal polyps diagnosed accidentally through colonoscopy screening make the diagnosis don’t have a specific standard. A possible second cause may be the small sample size, which can reflect a nonspecific and real representation of the distribution according to age group.
Adaptive pillar K-means clustering-based colon cancer detection from biopsy samples with outliers
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
B. Saroja, A. SelwinMich Priyadharson
The significant signs and symptoms of colon cancer may incorporate blood in the stool, an adjustment in bowel movements, weight reduction, and feeling tired constantly. CRC creates and advances as an outcome of abnormal cellular, atomic changes (Leung et al. 2007), many of which result in mutant DNA. For inspecting those progressions modern molecular systems are accessible by analysing individual patient hereditary data that attribute risk, predict result and/or modify an approach to deal with treatment (Carethers 2014). Additionally screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is an exceptionally successful mediation that substantially decreases cancer-specific mortality by recognising early stage CRC and premalignant lesions (Itzkowitz et al. 2007, 2008; Skally et al. 2013). The DNA stool test is another procedure which searches for certain gene changes that are now found in colon cancer cells. Like other colon cancer screening tests, it can discover some colon cancers early, before symptoms develop, when they are likely to be simpler to treat. Some of the screening tests find developments called polyps with the goal that they can be assessed before they turn into cancer which means screening can sometimes prevent colon cancer altogether.