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Current Trends in Membrane Science
Published in Mihir Kumar Purkait, Randeep Singh, Membrane Technology in Separation Science, 2018
Mihir Kumar Purkait, Randeep Singh
Plasmapheresis is a technique used to separate plasma from blood using membrane filtration. Membrane filtration has own advantages over conventional ways of plasmapheresis, including as efficiency, ease, safety, and economy. Centrifugation was the technique used in earlier days for plasmapheresis. Blood was collected from donors in plastic bags and then centrifuged so as to separate the plasma from the blood. The main purpose for separating plasma from blood is to get purified components, such as albumin or factor VIII (antihemophilic factor). Another important advantage of membrane-based plasmapheresis is that it can be done continuously, unlike with other conventional techniques. In addition to this, it is rare that the blood and separated plasma will remix with each other, and it is less time consuming as compared to other conventional techniques.
Extracorporeal devices
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Figure 9.16 illustrates an affinity adsorption system for removing α-galactosyl-reactive IgM antibodies (Karoor et al., 2003). Blood either from the body or from a reservoir, in the case of in vitro experiments, flows through a microfiltration hollow fiber membrane cartridge. As the blood flows through the inside of the hollow fibers, plasma is filtered across the hollow fiber membrane wall as a result of the transmembrane pressure difference. Recall that this filtration of blood is also known as plasmapheresis. The exiting blood and the plasma filtrate are then returned to the body or the reservoir.
Mechanical filtration of the cerebrospinal fluid: procedures, systems, and applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
The word ‘apheresis’ etymologically comes from the ancient Greek word ‘aphairesis’ meaning ‘a taking away.’ In medicine, it refers to extracorporeal procedures in which a body fluid passes through an apparatus that separates one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the circulation or collects one of the fluid components. The term ‘liquorpheresis’ was first used in the decade of 1980 to refer to methods of CSF (‘liquor’) filtration [3], and later used as a synonym for CSF filtration [5]. Albeit the term has also been used to designate methods using implantable devices, it is most appropriate to designate extracorporeal procedures with tangential filtration only, in parallel to plasmapheresis.
A review on surface modification methods of poly(arylsulfone) membranes for biomedical applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Vahid Hoseinpour, Laya Noori, Saba Mahmoodpour, Zahra Shariatinia
With the expansion of modern medicine, artificial polymeric membranes have been successfully employed for cardiopulmonary bypass, blood vessels, artificial liver, various blood purification applications such as hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, plasma collection, and plasmapheresis and many other blood-contacting clinical medical devices [7]. Blood purification of a human whose kidneys are not working regularly is called the hemodialysis process [17]. Hemodialysis membranes are low pressure-driven membranes that separate blood components via size-exclusion method [18]. Figure 1 displays a scheme of an ideal hemodialysis membrane [19].
The detoxification of cadmium in Japanese quail by pomegranate peel powder
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Maryam Karimi-Dehkordi, Morteza Molavi Pordanjani, Majid Gholami-Ahangaran, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
The primary mechanisms in metal poisoning are oxidative stress and free radical formation (Lopes et al. 2016). The free oxygen radicals are highly active and very mobile. Therefore, they immediately initiate chain reactions and damage proteins, fats, and DNA (Malekirad et al. 2019). Oxidative stress and free radicals resulting from exposure to toxic metals, e.g. Cd, Fe, and Pb, alter cellular gene expression, ultimately leading to cell proliferation and increasing the tumor potential (Subastri et al. 2018). In the poisoned animal or human, liver, nerve, or kidney cell damage may occur (Shariatifar et al. 2020; Karimi et al. 2021). Oxygen-free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS), formed in all aerobic organisms, have various essential roles. Nonetheless, some of them can potentially cause damage (oxidative damage) to biomolecules, resulting in the development and progression of certain diseases, especially cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s (Alkadi 2020). Different technologies have been utilized to remove a toxic element from diets, e.g. applying chelators and trapping free radicals by psychobiotic and synthetic antioxidants. The use of nanoparticles, traditional and new chelating agents, and combination therapy can be considered in removing Cd from a biological system. Chelating agents such as Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Penicillamine (DPA), Dimercaprol, Dithiocarbamates, Meso 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (Succimer, DMSA), and New DMSA analogs can be used to reduce toxic concentrations in the body (Rahimzadeh et al. 2017). Nanoparticles, e.g. Al2O3 and Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), remove Cd ions from biological solution systems (Gadhave 2014). Plasma exchange-hemodialysis-plasmapheresis can be helpful in heavy-metal toxicity (Russi and Marson 2011).