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HIV and AIDS
Published in Carol Wilkinson, Managing Health at Work, 2020
Transfusion - if a person receives a transfusion of infected blood or blood products they are at risk of contracting the virus. Individuals requiring regular blood transfusions, such as haemophiliacs or those with sickle cell anaemia, are at greatest risk if the blood/product is untreated. Transfusion transmission is considered to be extremely rare as there are stringent regulations and mechanisms employed by blood transfusion services to prevent this occurring.
Hospital Waste Management
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Medical waste that has not been specifically excluded in the EPA provisions (for example, household waste) and is either a listed medical waste or a mixture of a listed medical waste and a solid under the demonstration program of the act is known as “regulated medical waste.” Seven classes of listed wastes are defined by the EPA as regulated medical waste. Details on these seven classes are provided below. Cultures and stocks. Cultures and stocks of infectious agents and associated biologicals, including cultures and stocks of infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories; wastes from the production of biologicals; discarded live and attenuated vaccines; and culture dishes and devices used to transfer, inoculate, and mix cultures.Pathological waste. Human pathological wastes, including (a) tissues, organs, body parts, and body fluids that are removed during surgery, autopsy, or other medical procedures; and (b) specimens of body fluids and their containers.Human blood and blood products. Products here include liquid waste human blood; products of blood; items saturated and/or dripping with human blood that are now caked with dried human blood including serum, plasma, and other components; and containers that were used or intended for use in either patient care, testing, laboratory analysis, or the development of pharmaceuticals (intravenous bags are also included in this category).Sharps. The category includes sharps that have been used in animal or human patient care or treatment, in medical research, or in industrial laboratories, including hypodermic needles, syringes (with or without the attached needles), Pasteur pipettes, scalpel blades, blood vials, needles with attached tubing, and culture dishes (regardless of presence of infectious agents).Animal waste. Contaminated animal carcasses, body parts, and bedding of animals that were known to have been exposed to infectious agents during research, production of biologicals, or testing in pharmaceuticals.Isolation wastes. Biological waste and discarded materials contaminated with blood, excretions, or secretions from humans known to be infected with certain highly communicable diseases.Unused sharps. These included hypodermic needles, suture needles, syringes, and scalpel blades.
Embracing scepticism as a non-physical form of redundancy: lessons learnt from the UK blood supply chain
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2023
Three blood supply chain (BSC) cases in England, each consisting of one blood centre and four associated hospitals, were investigated in this research. The BSC requires stringent and tightly managed operating conditions. Blood products require temperature-controlled facilities along with storage and transport processes that comply with strict safety and quality regulations. Blood products are transported from donors to patients through a series of continuous and time critical logistical processes. Ultimately, failure to provide safe blood can lead to a patient’s death. In emergency conditions such as major haemorrhage, terrorist attacks, or natural disasters, blood safety and availability must not be compromised. Highly resilient operations are required to maintain reliability in the BSC and to save lives across a range of operational conditions. The BSC is therefore an exemplar of resilient supply chain operations (see Morgan et al. 2015).
Boosting symbiotic organism search algorithm with ecosystem service for dynamic blood allocation in blood banking system
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Prinolan Govender, Absalom E Ezugwu
Blood has four main components, which may be separated into blood products; namely, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets (PLTs) and plasma. Each component contributes towards the functionality of the human body; RBC transport oxygen, WBC is used to fight infections, PLT seal off wounds, and finally, plasma immerses and nourishes the blood cells, as well as transporting nutrients and metabolites such carbon dioxide (American society of Haematology, 2019). The aspect of artificial blood has also been explored but presents side effects (Putzu & Di Ruberto, 2013) due to the body’s immune system having a negative response to artificial substances. Blood banks must store blood products in a specific environment that varies according to the product type; for example, RBCs need a temperature between 2 and 6 (BloodService, 2019). These specific storage requirements contribute to further pressure on blood banks.
A two-phase coordinated logistics planning approach to platelets provision in humanitarian relief operations
Published in IISE Transactions, 2019
Afshin Kamyabniya, M. M. Lotfi, Hua Cai, Hasan Hosseininasab, Saeed Yaghoubi, Yuehwern Yih
Among the various derivatives of blood products, platelets are responsible for starting the formation of clots when bleeding occurs (Belien and Force, 2012). There is no artificial substitute, which means that platelets must be collected from another human being (Gunpinar and Centeno, 2015). Due to their function, platelets are critical to treat trauma patients. According to Veihola et al. (2006), common production methods are buffy coat, apheresis, and platelet-rich plasma. Platelets are drawn either from whole blood donation or through apheresis. The number of platelets taken from the apheresis is six to eight times more than that of whole blood donation. Typically, the supply chain of platelets starts with the collection of blood from donors at blood collection centers or hospitals. Then, they are tested at blood transfusion centers or Blood Regional Units (BRUs) and delivered to hospitals, and Temporary Medical Shelters (TMSs) where they are either transfused to wounded people, stored, or wasted (if expired). The platelets Supply Chain Network (SCN) often includes blood stations (collection units), BRUs, Medical Depots (MDs) and TMSs as shown in Figure 1. The main mission of MDs under the supervision of a Relief and Rescue Organization (RRO) is to store platelets in the locations close to disaster zones and TMSs, in order to better serve people in need. Notably, the logistics of blood-derived products in Humanitarian Relief Operations (HRO) is a complex task, due to the uncertainties induced by damage in the affected areas and facilities, erratic heavy demand and supply, congestion, and multiple heterogeneous organizations.