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Biocontrol Potential and Applications of Extremophiles for Sustainable Agriculture
Published in Ajar Nath Yadav, Ali Asghar Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Microbiomes of Extreme Environments, 2021
Gajanan Mehetre, Vincent Vineeth Leo, Garima Singh, Prashant Dhawre, Igor Maksimov, Mukesh Yadav, Kalidas Upadhyaya, Bhim Pratap Singh
Agriculture forms the base of human survival and remains the mainstay of the livelihood for the world. A major workforce in many countries including India is mostly dependent on agriculture and its related activities (Bruinsma 2017). Apart from providing food, agriculture is the main source of raw materials for various industries including textile and fibres, sugar and beverages and many others (Boehlje and Bröring 2011). Although in modern agricultural practices, different techniques are being used to increase crop productivity, plant pest and pathogens are the major biotic agents responsible for significant loss of crop productivity and damage to the plant. To manage pathogens and plant pests, several strategies are being used in agriculture. The most extensive and effective is the use of chemical pesticides. However, the widespread use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture is a major health concern due to the potentially harmful effects of various chemical compounds on humans, other living organisms and the environment (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al. 2016). Plant pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses cause plant diseases resulting in a significant loss to crop productivity (Flood 2010; Oerke et al. 2012).
Biosensors for the Detection of Emerging Plants and Animals Fungal Pathogens
Published in George K. Knopf, Amarjeet S. Bassi, Smart Biosensor Technology, 2018
Roland Miller, Idris Yazgan, Omowunmi A. Sadik
Many more species infect plants compared to animals (12). Therefore, more studies have been carried out on plants fungi. The main reason for this is that plants provide more economic importance to humans than animals (12). Animal and plant pathogens have different terminologies. Plant pathogens are categorized based on the feeding of the host, for example, biotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens. Animal pathogens are based on the type of disease that the fungus exhibits to the host, and this could be superficial or invasive mycoses (11).
Conservation Tillage and Plant Disease
Published in Frank M. D’Itri, A Systems Approach to Conservation Tillage, 1985
Control of plant diseases in conservation tillage systems requires an integrated approach emphasizing alternatives to clean plowing. Although there are many plant pathogens that overwinter in or on residues, the use of resistant varieties and crop rotation offer economical means of reducing potential losses. Leaf blights of corn, several bacteria and other diseases associated with residues are currently controlled in this manner.
Biogenic synthesis: a sustainable approach for nanoparticles synthesis mediated by fungi
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Anuj Chauhan, Jigisha Anand, Vipin Parkash, Nishant Rai
The most common plant pathogens are fungi compared to bacteria and viruses. Yadav et al.[36] have synthesized nanoparticles using plant pathogens such as Aspergillus, Fusarium and Phytophthora and evaluated their inhibitory activity against other pathogenic fungi. Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungus Aspergillus versicolor was reported against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea in strawberry plants.[109] Lamsal et al.[110] conducted a field trial to demonstrate the antifungal activity of silver NPs using Colletotrichum species. At different concentrations plants were treated with nano-formulations, and 100 ppm was reported to show the maximum inhibition of the disease. Qian et al.[111] demonstrated the antifungal activity of nanoparticles synthesized from Epicoccum nigrum against numerous pathogenic fungus like C. albicans, Crytococcus neoformans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani. Gajbhiye et al.[35] have investigated the combinations of conventional fungicides with biogenic nanoparticles. In their study, silver NPs synthesized using Alternaria alternata was combined with antifungal compound Fluconazole and its antimicrobial activity was reported effective against C. albicans followed by Trichoderma and Phoma glomerata.
Bacilli as sources of agrobiotechnology: recent advances and future directions
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021
Zerihun T. Dame, Mahfuz Rahman, Tofazzal Islam
The term biological control was first used a century ago to describe the introduction of exotic species to suppress pests. However, its application is much older than the term itself (48). While the use of chemical-based pesticides increased agricultural productivity, their lasting consequence on the environment urges the use of safe and effective alternatives. In this regard, the use of a biological control agent is an increasingly successful and widespread strategy to decrease plant pathogens and the negative effects of agricultural practices on the environment. Likewise, biological control of phytopthogens has received considerable attention and involves the use of bacteria or fungi with antagonistic activities against plant pathogens (49, 50). A large body of literature suggests that elite strains of bacilli protect plants from the phytopathogens (Table 1). Some of the strains alone or in the consortium have been commercialized as biocontrol and/or phytostimulants. Application of B. amyloliquefaciens together with commercial fungicides significantly reduces branch canker disease in tea plants under field conditions (51). In a related study, the use of B. amyloliquefaciens together with other microorganisms has been shown to improve the strain’s biocontrol potential (52).
Microplastics as vectors of environmental contaminants: Interactions in the natural ecosystems
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Rashid Iqbal, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Hazrat Bilal, Muhammad Mahran Aslam, Imtiaz Ahmed Khan, Shameem Raja, Muhammad Arslan, Phuong Minh Nguyen
MPs can also serve as vectors of bacteria and other pathogens (Schell et al. 2020; Kirstein et al. 2016). Microbes can form biofilms on MPs that provide new niches for their growth (Yang et al. 2020). The phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes have been reported to be the main bacterial groups inhabiting MPs (Yang et al. 2020). MPs not only provide space for microbial growth but also serve as distant transporters of pathogens. Certain bacterial pathogens have been detected in MPs, including fish pathogens, e.g., Aeromonas salmonicida (Viršek et al. 2017), Flavobacterium spp. (Gong et al. 2019), plant pathogens, e.g., Agrobacterium spp. (Gong et al. 2019), human pathogens. e.g., Arcobacter spp. (McCormick et al. 2016), Pseudomonas monteilii, P. mendocina (Wu et al. 2019), Vibrio navarrensis (Lai et al. 2022). MPs have even been categorized as abundant and distinct microbial habitats (McCormick et al. 2016). The study of Frère et al. (2018) found that microbial communities of microplastic biofilms had higher diversity and species richness compared to free-living and particle-attached bacteria. Furthermore, prior studies reported that MPs have been related to antibiotic-resistant gene exchange (Ram and Kumar 2020; Arias et al. 2018). In a study conducted by Wang et al. (2020a), results from quantitative PCR demonstrated that MPs selectively enriched antibiotic-resistant genes. The increased antibiotic resistance through MPs therefore consequently will cause adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems and pose intense risks to human health (Arias et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2020a). Jacquin et al. (2019) also reported that MPs could work as rafts for invasive and pathogenic bacterial species. However, certain reports suggest that MPs are sometimes colonized by opportunistic colonists posing a limited risk to life forms (Oberbeckmann and Labrenz 2020). Nevertheless, like other impacts of MPs, the role of microbial vectors needs careful monitoring.