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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Fibers from the first four cervical spinal nerves come together in the cervical plexus. They branch and subdivide into peripheral nerves with different names as they leave the plexus. One such nerve is the phrenic nerve, which is essential to breathing. Fibers from the cervical plexus, plus fibers from the spinal nerve caudal to the fourth cervical vertebra, form paired phrenic nerves. This helps assure at least a degree of continued respiratory function if one of the structures forming the phrenic nerves—the cervical spinal cord, spinal nerve root, spinal nerve, or even one phrenic nerve—is injured. The phrenic nerves pass through the lower neck and the thorax to connect to and innervate the diaphragm. Early research demonstrated that the phrenic nerves can be stimulated with a wearable external radiofrequency transmitter and an implanted receiver in the neck, to assist breathing in some cases of SCI (Glenn, Holcomb, Gee, & Rath, 1970).
Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles
Published in Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Gustavo Marques da Costa, Environmental, Ethical, and Economical Issues of Nanotechnology, 2022
Sandra Magali Heberle, Michele dos Santos, Gomes da Rosab
Respiratory control breathing is automatically controlled by a nerve center located in the bulb. From this center, the nerves responsible for the contraction of the respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) depart. Nerve signals are transmitted from this point, through the spinal column, to the muscles of breathing. The diaphragm receives respiratory signals through the phrenic nerve, which leaves the spinal cord in the upper half of the neck, heading down, through the chest, to the diaphragm (Gray and NETTER 1949).
Implantable Electronics
Published in Aboul Ella Hassanien, Nilanjan Dey, Surekha Borra, Medical Big Data and Internet of Medical Things, 2018
Vinay Chowdary, Vivek Kaundal, Paawan Sharma, Amit Kumar Mondal
Retinal implants involve specific electrical stimulation inside the eye using specially designed electrodes. Prominent research groups in this field are the Second Sight Medical Products, Retina Implant AG, EPI-RET Project, Pixium Vision, Bionic Vision Australia, Boston Retinal Implant Project and so on. Diaphragm pacing involves implant devices stimulating the phrenic nerve (which is important for breathing) to control the diaphragm pattern, thereby refining the breathing function in patients with respiratory problems.
Cryoballoon ablation beyond pulmonary vein isolation in the setting of persistent atrial fibrillation
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Vincenzo Miraglia, Antonio Bisignani, Luigi Pannone, Saverio Iacopino, Gian-Battista Chierchia, Carlo de Asmundis
Regarding safety, isolation of the SVC using CB may be problematic due to the proximity of the phrenic nerve and sinus node. Injury of the right phrenic nerve is a major concern and is one of the most common complications related to the CB ablation [47]; different techniques can be used to avoid this complication, such as: 1) manual palpation of the diaphragm excursion or 2) monitoring of diaphragmatic compound motor action potentials. The most commonly used technique is manual palpation of diaphragmatic excursion during SVC isolation. Continuous stimulation of right phrenic nerve during SVC cryoapplication is achieved by a decapolar catheter placed in the SVC via a subclavian/jugular vein approach; the stimulation of the phrenic nerve through the subclavian/jugular access avoids gaps between CB and SVC [48]; as an alternative femoral vein access might be used. A weakening or a loss of diaphragmatic contraction prompt immediate interruption of cryoenergy and no further cryoenergy is delivered in case of phrenic nerve palsy. The rate of transient phrenic damage or impending phrenic nerve damage has been reported to be 3.3% [49].
The role of robotic technology in minimally invasive surgery for mitral valve disease
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Johannes Bonatti, Bob Kiaii, Cem Alhan, Stepan Cerny, Gianluca Torregrossa, Gianluigi Bisleri, Caroline Komlo, T. Sloane Guy
Usually after going on pump the pericardium is opened anterior to the phrenic nerve with attention not to jeopardize the nerve. Pericardial stay sutures are placed and pulled through the thorax. If the transthoracic clamp is used a long cardioplegia cannula is inserted into the ascending aorta either through the minithoracotomy or in transthoracic fashion. The Chitwood or Cygnet clamp is placed under robotic 3D vision making sure that the left atrial appendage is not injured. Alternatively, the endoballoon is inflated, a maneuver which can be followed under direct inspection of the ascending aorta and under TEE vision. Recently, a method has been shown in which fluorescent dye is taken to inflate the balloon. The balloon can then be clearly identified using the fluorescence camera (Firefly™) [34]. Cardioplegia is infused antegradely, some surgeons use percutaneous retrograde infusion in addition.
Effects of caffeine on inspiratory muscle function
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Clayton R. Nicks, Ellen H. Martin
One potential limitation of the current study is the volitional nature of obtaining MIP. Although this is a valid method on inspiratory muscle function, future studies could use more objective means of measurement such as transdiaphragmatic pressure or phrenic nerve stimulation. However, we provided multiple attempts during each session to ensure a maximal value was record from participants. In addition, a mixed sample of males and females were used and menstrual cycle phase of the female participants were not obtained. It has been reported that inspiratory pressures do not change with menstrual cycle phases (Chen & Tang, 1989). Nonetheless, genders may respond differently on performance measures after ingestion of caffeine and this an area that could be explore in future studies.