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Key human anatomy and physiology principles as they relate to rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Qussai Obiedat, Bhagwant S. Sindhu, Ying-Chih Wang
The respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their subdivisions, and lungs, as well as associated muscles and blood vessels. A primary function of the respiratory system is respiration, which includes exhaling carbon dioxide and inhaling oxygen via the respiratory system. Other functions of the respiratory system include regulation of blood pH and assisting with voice production and olfaction (OpenStax College 2013; Putte, Regan, and Russo 2015).
Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles
Published in Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Gustavo Marques da Costa, Environmental, Ethical, and Economical Issues of Nanotechnology, 2022
Sandra Magali Heberle, Michele dos Santos, Gomes da Rosab
The respiratory system consists of the lungs and various organs that allow the air to travel into and out of the pulmonary structures. These organs are the nasal fossas, the mouth, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli (Gray and NETTER 1949).
The WELL® Building Standard
Published in Traci Rose Rider, Margaret van Bakergem, Building for Well-Being, 2021
Traci Rose Rider, Margaret van Bakergem
The respiratory system is one of the more familiar systems and more obvious when it is operating at a suboptimal level. The respiratory system includes all of the organs that help us to breathe and pull oxygen into our systems: mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are most familiar as issues such as asthma and allergies, and include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sleep apnea, and pulmonary hypertension.7 Risk factors are identified in health literature as tobacco smoke, ventilation, air quality, diet, and physical activity. The design and operations of the building can impact each of these, particularly under a structure such as WELL®, which focuses on improving air quality, limiting exposure to molds and microbes, and providing increased access to opportunities for physical activity. Healthy lungs are supported by removing VOCs and particulate matter from indoor air while the reduction of molds and microbes reduces the opportunities for allergic reactions or infections. Increased physical activity will boost the overall strength of the respiratory system, specifically lung function.
Mathematical analysis of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the human capillary and tissue system
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ahsan Ul Haq Lone, M. A. Khanday
The human respiratory system has two main functions: oxygen intake from the surrounding air to the body, and to exhale carbon dioxide from the blood to outside air. Those transfers are achieved through passive diffusion across a membrane which separates the gaseous air and the liquid blood, at an instantaneous rate by means of the difference in partial pressures, the area of the exchange surface, and its properties in terms of diffusion (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011). As this diffusion tends to reduce the partial pressure difference, a constant renewal must be made on both sides of the membrane. Renewal of air is achieved by the ventilation process, which consists of in periodic inspiration-expiration cycles that provide the inside of the lung with fresh air, whereas venous blood is periodically pumped onto the exchange zone by the heart. The exchange area is the boundary of a huge collection of small cavities (around 300 million units), called alveoli, which makes an exchange area of about 100 m2 (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011; Tortora and Derrickson 2012; Nunn 2013). Each of this alveolus is surrounded by a network of very small blood vessels, called capillaries, whose diameter is about 5–10 μm (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011). Gas exchange occur through the alveolar-capillary membrane, which is less than a micrometre wide (West 2011; Tortora and Derrickson 2012). The alveoli are connected to the outside world through the respiratory tract, which is an assembling of interconnected pipes following a dyadic-tree structure.