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Thermography by Specialty
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
A clinical picture of active phlebitis (erythema, tenderness) is a common finding in patients with indwelling intravenous catheters or lines. The etiology of the inflammation may be infectious in nature or caused by endothelial irritation from the substance being injected. The incidence of phlebitis increases with the time the catheter has been in place (the catheter “dwell time”). Superficial venous thrombophlebitis (SVT) in the arms most likely results from intravenous infusion causing localized redness, tenderness, and heat visible to thermography. By thermographically monitoring the temperature of the catheter insertion site and subtracting it from a distal reference skin site, a “delta-T” (ΔT) value can be computed (Figure 11.41). Negative ΔT values indicate no phlebitis, while a positive ΔT is associated with clinical signs of phlebitis. Even in the uncontrolled environment of an Intensive Care Unit, the ΔT is highly correlated with the clinical diagnosis of local phlebitis (p = 0.001).193 Thermography is useful in the early detection of phlebitis associated with indwelling intravascular catheters and other conditions.
Formulation Development of Small-Volume Parenteral Products
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Madhav S. Kamat, Patrick P. DeLuca
Phlebitis occurs due to inflammation of a vein with symptoms such as tenderness, edema, erythema, and a local temperature rise. In severe cases, it can lead to thrombus and even more severe complications. Although a number of factors have been implicated as causes of phlebitis, particulate matter, precipitation of drug, and local pH effects are the most likely causes [144–148].
Recent developments on foaming mechanical and electronic techniques for the management of varicose veins
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
C. Davide Critello, Salvatore A. Pullano, Thomas J. Matula, Stefano De Franciscis, Raffaele Serra, Antonino S. Fiorillo
The management of varicose veins aims to treat the valvular incompetence and to remove or occlude the pathological target. The perfect therapeutic treatment should identify accurately the vascular target and obliterate it permanently, should relieve all symptoms, improve the esthetics of the leg, prevent complications, allow a fast return to normal activities and be inexpensive [4]. Such a treatment does not and probably will never exist, but in the last two decades, a lot of effort has been devoted on the development of minimally invasive techniques. Historically, the traditional treatment for varicose disease has been surgical procedures, including ligation and stripping [5]. Surgical treatment involves the physical removal of abnormal veins, requiring long period of recovery for patients to return to normal activities. Typical complications experienced by patients are bruising, post-procedural discomfort, phlebitis, hematomas and skin infection [6]. In the late 1990s, there were important advancements in the treatment of varicose disease using new minimally invasive techniques. These modalities are divided into endovenous thermal ablation (laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and steam vein sclerosis) and endovenous chemical ablation (liquid and foam sclerotherapy, mechanochemical ablation and cyanoacrylate embolization) [7].