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Sick Buildings
Published in Ed Bas, Indoor Air Quality, 2020
A common, useful definition of “sick building syndrome” is when at least 20 percent of the people occupying a building experience symptoms of illness for a period of two weeks or longer, but the source of the symptoms cannot be determined. In this term, “syndrome” is used to describe a number of symptoms occurring together. In 1982, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed eight specific symptoms associated with sick building syndrome, identified below. Note that not all of these symptoms must be present to classify a building as “sick.” Irritation of eyes, nose and throat.Dry mucous membranes and skin.Erythema (redness due to inflammation).Mental fatigue, headaches.Airway infections, cough.Hoarseness of voice, wheezing.Unspecified hypersensitivity reactions.Nausea, dizziness.
Nonionizing Radiation
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Erythema is an inflammatory reaction of the superficial blood vessels involving dilation and increased permeability of the vessels, increased blood flow, and cellular exudation. A composite action spectrum shows that, for humans with moderate levels of pigmentation, the most effective wavelengths are between 250 and 300 nm. The dose necessary to produce erythema increases into the UV-A, where the erythemal doses are about a factor 1000 to 10,000 times greater. Erythema follows a dose-dependent latency period of 2 to 10 hours, although some physiological changes, e.g., vasodilation, may be detected very soon after exposure. In addition to redness associated with vascular changes, erythema produces cellular damage and may also produce edema and blistering. Following UV exposure, the epidermal layers of the skin thicken, melanosomes (pigment granules) migrate to the topmost layers of the skin, and the melanocytes produce more melanin. Both measures afford added UV protection to the skin.
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Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Erythema is caused by cutaneous vasodilation. Patients with diffuse erythema are at significant risk for severe hypotension due to systemic peripheral vasodilation. Increased capillary permeability and escape of fluid into the interstitial space may exacerbate low blood pressure. These patients are frequently minimally symptomatic initially, especially if lying down.
Preparation and evaluation of a nanoemulsion containing cordycepin and its protective effect on skin
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Hucheng Zhang, Lina Deng, Jun Yang, Guowei Yang, Haitao Fan, Yiqi Yin, Shuai Luo, Shuangshi Li, Linying Liu, Ming Yang
In the first two days of application of nanoemulsion containing cordycepin, there was no erythema on the skin. After 3–14 days, skin erythema appeared. On day 1–4, after applying the nanoemulsion, there was no edema. Edema appeared after the fifth day, and the edema gradually disappeared during the next 11 days; by day 13, the edema completely subsided. The skin irritation reaction scores on the control side were 0. The average score of each animal in 14 days was 15.50, and the average score of each animal every day was 1.11 (Supplementary material, S9). The irritation intensity to the skin was light. In general, animal skin, especially rabbit skin, is more sensitive to irritation than human skin;[39] thus, we expect that the nanoemulsion will be safe for human use.
Water-soluble and amphiphilic phospholipid copolymers having 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine units for the solubilization of bioactive compounds
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Kazuhiko Ishihara, Mingwei Mu, Tomohiro Konno
In the clinical applications of solubilizers, ulceration is a typical side effect, related to the extravasation of the formulation containing solubilizers during intravenous administration. The solubilizers themselves cause various clinical problems, such as peripheral neurotoxicity, arthralgia, allergy, and hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs), with the most frequent HSR symptoms being dyspnea, flushing, chest pain, and tachycardia. For example, when poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds, including PTX, are solubilized with a conventional solubilizer and administered by injection, the biological tissue reactions at the infusion site due to extravasation are severe. Erythema, tenderness, skin discoloration, and swelling at the infusion site have been observed. No specific treatment for extravasation reactions is available, and monitoring of the infusion site is required to detect possible infiltration during administration.
Sustained release of tulobuterol from graphene oxide laden hydrogel to manage asthma
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Shujuan Luo, Shijie Jin, Ting Yang, Bichen Wu, Chang Xu, Liyan Luo, Yanping Chen
A skin irritation study was performed on New Zealand white rabbits to investigate the possible side effects (discomfort, erythema and edema) by hydrogel on topical application [56,57]. The rabbits were divided into two groups (n = 3, hydrogel and placebo gel) and a dorsal skin area of 2.5 × 2.5 cm2 was denuded by a razor and cleaned with alcohol. After 6 h, the selected tulobuterol loaded graphene oxide hydrogel (T-rGO-500) and placebo hydrogel (2.5% Carbopol) was applied to the dorsal area (right side) of the rabbits and the left dorsal area was kept control. The application site was observed at regular time intervals (24 h study period) and graded visually as no erythema, mild erythema and severe erythema.