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Pathology
Published in John A Plumb, Health Maintenance Of Cultured Fishes, 1994
Hyperemia and congestion both involve an excessive volume of blood within the vessels; however, the mechanisms of development differ. Hyperemia is an active engorgement of the vascular bed with blood and is often associated with inflammation. In contrast, congestion is a passive accumulation of blood in vessels caused by an impairment of blood flow. Hyperemia and congestion cause affected tissue to appear red with possible swelling and will cause blood vessels in the fins and mesenteries to become more prominent.
Signs of Pressure Sores
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
As mentioned earlier, the first important early warning sign of skin tissue insult is reactive hyperemia. A normal reactive hyperemia should disappear within 10 to 15 min of pressure removal. Persistence of the reddened area suggests that underlying tissue damage has already occurred.
Recombinogenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects of azathioprine using in vivo assays
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
A. V. D. Melo Bisneto, L. C. D. Oliveira, A. Silva Fernandes, L. S. Silva, J. H. Véras, C. G. Cardoso, Carolina R. E Silva, A. V. de Moraes Filho, C. C. Carneiro, L. Chen-Chen
Regarding histopathological analysis, our data indicated that Aza is nontoxic to mouse hepatic or renal tissues. However, moderate hyperemia was observed in the livers of these animals. Hyperemia is an active process of increased blood flow, which may be provoked by several factors, including the metabolism of a substance (López and Martinson 2017). The first phase of Aza biotransformation occurs in the hepatic system via the action of glutathione enzymes (FDA 2011). Therefore, our results corroborate clinical reports that have previously shown the absence of adverse effects on renal or hepatic tissues of patients undergoing treatment with Aza (Sarcina et al. 2016; Siramolpiwat and Sakonlaya 2017). Further, the hyperemic process observed in mice livers may be related to the intrahepatic Aza metabolic processes.