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Phototherapy Using Nanomaterials
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
A. N. Resmi, V. Nair Resmi, C. R. Rekha, V. Nair Lakshmi, Shaiju S. Nazeer, Ramapurath S. Jayasree
Albumin is a plasma protein, which is responsible for blood colloidal osmotic pressure. This is non-antigenic and biodegradable and has been studied extensively as a drug carrier. The average HSA half-life is 19 days [177]. The photosensitizer pheophorbide was loaded on human serum albumin (Pheo-HSA) nanoparticles with different cross-linked ratios by non-covalent adsorption. Intracellular uptake and phototoxicity of both pheophorbide and Pheo-HSA nanoparticles were studied in Jurkat cells. For irradiation, a laser diode with emission at 668 nm and a light dose of 96 mJ/cm2 were used as light source. Due to intramolecular interactions, 1O2 quantum yield of pheophorbide-loaded HSA nanoparticles was very low and the final phototoxicity was at the same level as induced by free pheophorbide [178].
Algae as Food and Nutraceuticals
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Chetan Aware, Virdhaval Nalavade, Rahul Jadhav, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Yung-Hun Yang, Jyoti Jadhav, Ranjit Gurav
Chlorophylls are photosynthesis green pigments found in both higher plants and algae, along with cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll a is required for photosynthesis in the respiratory chain of the thylakoid (García Sartal et al., 2012). Chlorophyll is believed to be transformed in prepared vegetable foods into pheophytin, pyrophytin, and pheophorbide and human intake. These derivatives have an antimutagenic activity and may be useful in cancer reduction. Pheophorbide had higher cellular absorption and suppression of myeloma cell number than pheophytin. However, dependent on the quantity of chlorophyll derivative interacting with cells, pheophytin was found to be slightly cytotoxic compared to pheophorbide (Chernomorsky et al., 1999). Chlorophyll intensity showed three times greater in algae grown in harbour zones than in an open sea location, according to initial research (Larsen et al., 2011). The brown species recorded a chlorophyll A composition of 0.5–2g/kg on a dry matter. Chlorophylls, for example, one of the ingredients in the production of jam, jelly, toffees, and ice cream, documented in the European Union under the E-number E-140 (García Sartal et al., 2012).
Bioinspired Nano-Formulations
Published in Yasser Shahzad, Syed A.A. Rizvi, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Talib Hussain, Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials, 2022
Jahanzeb Mudassir, Muhammad Sohail Arshad
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and some proteins such as lactin are involved in the formation of biofilm, which provide additional protection to the bacterial cells from host defence system. These have prompt number of activities such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, cholesterol lowering, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antibiofilm effect. Hung et al. prepared surfactin (SUR) lipopeptide (secreted by B. subtilis)-based nanocarriers containing doxorubicin by using solvent evaporation method. These nanoparticles reduced the tumor mass in MCF7/ADR-xenografted mice (Huang et al. 2018). In another study, nanoparticles were prepared from rhamnolipids derived from P. aeruginosa loaded with photosensitizer pheophorbide. The carrier showed tumor suppression effect in murine model of head and neck carcinoma (SCC7) following photodynamically irradiation (Yi et al. 2019).
Process intensification for the enhancement of growth and chlorophyll molecules of isolated Chlorella thermophila: A systematic experimental and optimization approach
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Sreya Sarkar, Sambit Sarkar, Tridib Kumar Bhowmick, Kalyan Gayen
Microalgae have remained an area of scientific research for eco-friendly renewable sources of biodiesel because of their high content of cellular lipids.[1,2] However, recent reports revealed that commercial biodiesel production as a single product from microalgae is economically infeasible.[3] Therefore, efforts are made to cultivate high cell density microalgal biomass which is used in the hydrothermal liquefaction process to produce bio-oil crudes using the bio-refinery concept to produce multiple products.[3] Besides bio-fuels, the attention of microalgae research has switched to producing high-value pigment molecules (e.g., chlorophyll), which have high demand in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and biotechnological industries.[3] Nowadays, chlorophylls are extracted on a commercial scale from alfalfa, corn, and spinach.[4] It may be noted that Chlorella sp. of microalgae contains substantially high chlorophyll (∼7% of dry biomass) than commercial sources of terrestrial plant sources such as alfalfa (∼0.2% of dry biomass).[5] Therefore, Chlorella sp. can be used as a potential source of chlorophyll (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) that can be used as natural coloring agents in various applications. For example, the use of chlorophyll (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) as a food coloring agent has been approved by the Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) Regulations (2011) in various countries like the USA, India, and European countries.[6] Chlorophyll pigment is widely used in resins, coloring inks, cosmetics, liniments, waxes, soap, edible fats, mouth washes, perfumes, lotions, etc. as a cosmetic ingredient.[4] Derivatives of chlorophyll pheophorbide a 17(3)-dimethyl ester, chlorin e6 13(1)-N-methylamide-15(2)-diethylene glycol-17(3)-methyl ester are also used in photodynamic therapy as photo-sensitizer.[7] Further, research has shown the application of chlorophyll in the biomedical field as it has wound healing, antioxidant as well as anti-mutagenic properties.[8] Therefore, industries have shown interest in developing a technology for extracting chlorophyll from microalgae on a commercial scale.[8]