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Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Benzyl alcohol is a precursor for butyl benzyl phthalate, a vinyl chloride plasticizer. Benzyl chloride is also a precursor for phenylacetic acid via the intermediate benzyl cyanide. Phenylacetic acid is used to make phenobarbital (a sedative) and penicillin G.
Aromatic hydrocarbon compound degradation of phenylacetic acid by indigenous bacterial Sphingopyxis isolated from Lake Taihu
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Feiyu Huang, Xiaoyu Li, Jian Guo, Hai Feng, Fei Yang
An aromatic structure provides compounds with resistance towards oxidation or reduction due to the stabilizing resonance energy of the aromatic ring system (Teufel et al. 2010). In the catabolism of many environmental contaminants such as ethylbenzene and styrene, the aromatic compound phenylacetic acid (PAA) is generated (Erb, Ismail, and Fuchs 2008; Navarro-Llorens et al. 2005; Ward, de Roo, and O’Connor 2005). PAA was identified as one of the main toxins involved in vascular lesions of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Jourde-Chiche et al. 2009). Using mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, Yano et al. (2007) found that PAA significantly inhibited proliferation in concentration-dependent manner osteocalcin mRNA levels, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteoblastic mineralization indicating that this molecule might play an important role in the pathogenesis of low turnover bone in CKD. Based upon the potential association with CKD it was thus deemed that attempts need to be undertaken to eliminate this aromatic compound from the environment.
An in vitro study on the differentiated metabolic mechanism of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum using high-resolution metabolomics
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Jinhyuk Na, Jian Zhang, Young Lan Choe, Chae Seung Lim, Youngja Hwang Park
In addition to antioxidant metabolites, metabolomics identified more unique metabolites of PfDd2. Inosine monophosphate (IMP) levels were significantly lower in Dd2-Con than 3D7-Con. IMP is an essential metabolite that helps in proliferation of P. falciparum by being converted to nucleic acids (Cassera et al. 2008). Low intensities of IMP in PfDd2 indicate that PfDd2 consumes a significantly larger amount of IMP compared to Pf3D7 for its replication. Surprisingly, the results revealed significantly low intensity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, which is an intermediate metabolite of glycolytic pathway. Glycolytic pathway is a main source of energy supply to Plasmodium (Oyelade et al. 2016). Thus, it is conceivable that PfDd2 accelerates the glycolytic pathway resulting in the depletion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Further, low levels of alanine in PfDd2 were observed in this study. Alanine is known as an end product of glycolytic pathway and might be released from parasites into the culture medium (Lamour et al. 2014; Lian et al. 2009). Collectively, depletion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and alanine in RBCs based upon our findings may be indicative of acceleration of glycolytic pathway by PfDd2 to achieve energy and for active release of the end product for efflux from RBC. Dd2-CQ in the medium presented significantly high levels of phenylacetaldehyde and phenylacetic acid, which are intermediates of phenylalanine metabolism. Considering the significance of phenylalanine (Leopold et al. 2019a) and its intermediates (e.g., phenyllactic acid and hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (Leopold et al. 2019b) in the severity of P. falciparum producing malaria, phenylacetaldehyde and phenylacetic acid might be used as novel metabolites of PfDd2.
Drivers to improve metal(loid) phytoextraction with a focus on microbial degradation of dissolved organic matter in soils
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Justine Garraud, Hélène Plihon, Hervé Capiaux, Cécile Le Guern, Michel Mench, Thierry Lebeau
Another way is to use bacteria able to enhance plant biomass. The bioaugmentation of soils with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) reduces ethylene stress, due to metal(loid) excess inducing phytotoxicity, through the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-deaminase by the bacteria, which limits the production of the ethylene precursor ACC. Because plant antioxidant system is severely altered by environmental stress, PGPR strains can protect host plant from Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which induce oxidative damage, by the production of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., glutathione reductase activity, superoxide dismutase and catalase). PGPRs also act directly on biomass through the production of growth hormones of the auxin family, notably Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is involved in root growth (especially stimulation and proliferation of lateral roots), but also in the reduction of salt stress and interaction with plant pathogens. Other auxin hormones are also produced such as Indole-3-butyric acid (used on various crops to stimulate flower development and fruit growth, as well as accelerate root formation), and phenylacetic acid (less effect than IAA). Cytokines are the major phytohormone after auxins, which are involved in plant physiological processes including cell growth and differentiation, shoot initiation, inhibit root elongation, and regulate root meristem activity via modulation of the polar auxin transport. Microbial gibberellins are a large group of phytohormones, which stimulate shoot growth (by cell elongation, division and differentiation) and inhibit root growth through the actions of the gibberellin signaling system. Apart from gibberellins, PGPR strains produced various phytohormones and organic compounds such as polyamines, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, salicylic acid, strigolactones, and abscisic acid, which is a key player in plant growth promotion, metal(loid) tolerance, and metabolic process. Finally, PGPRs increase iron uptake by the roots through its mobilization by siderophore produced by specific bacteria as well as phosphate solubilization.