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Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Refer to Figure 8.9 to see the arch height extremes of pes planus and pes cavus. Pes planus (flat foot) is a deformity of the medial longitudinal arch with the arch touching the ground. The condition may be congenital (develops when the baby is in the uterus), or related to obesity or weak supporting tissues. If there are major structural changes in the ankle joint and tarsal alignment, the foot flattens, resulting in a lower than normal medial malleolus as the ankle shifts inward. The altered alignment may cause boot fit problems. Custom-designed arch supports are often prescribed for pes planus. People who spend hours standing may have temporarily flattened arches. Shoes with good arch and ankle support can help compensate for the problem, or shoes can cause the problem by reducing exercise and normal foot movement. Pes cavus is characterized by a noticeably high arch that does not flatten when bearing weight. Pes cavus is either congenital or idiopathic (unknown cause) and often treated with custom shoes or shoe inserts that support the arch (Tyrrell & Carter, 2009).
Plantar pressure relief in pes cavus and pes planus: smart passive gait retraining using deformable insoles
Published in Footwear Science, 2019
Fatemeh Farhadi, Shane Johnson
Progressive pes planus and pes cavus are common lower extremity deformities. One potential non-invasive intervention for both pes planus and pes cavus is gait retraining through plantar pressure such that the load transmission from the foot to the ground is altered by gait retraining. There is a considerable amount of literature on gait retraining mainly included excessive electronics which might be impractical for the patients’ daily life and may also lack long-term effectiveness (Liu, Inoue, & Shibata, 2009; Shull, Lurie, Cutkosky, & Besier, 2011). Therefore, we designed simple footwear and investigated the effect of the novel method in gait retraining on sufferers with supination and/or pronation problems.
Commercial pressure offloading insoles: dynamic stability and plantar pressure effects while negotiating stairs
Published in Footwear Science, 2019
Patrick J. Antonio, Stephen D. Perry
A limitation of the study was that foot structure was not assessed or excluded from the study; in particular pes planus, pes cavus, plantar tissue thickness, as it has been found that foot structure may affect pressure (Morag & Cavanagh, 1999). However, due to limited assessment time prior to the study, structural foot components were not evaluated.