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In-Shoe Plantar Loads During Overground Running
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Lin Wang, Jing Xian Li, Youlian Hong
As mentioned above, the runner can adapt kinematic characteristics via adjustment of musculoskeletal system during running on different surfaces to maintain similar impact force (Dixon et al., 2000; Ferris et al., 1998; Hardin et al., 2004). Kinematic adaptation may influence load absorption on different running surfaces. Runners must increase their leg stiffness when running on compliant surfaces (e.g. natural grass) and decrease leg stiffness on hard surfaces (Ferris et al., 1998). Therefore, when runners run on concrete, they run with a more flexed limb posture. These changes may influence the moment arm of ground reaction force, tendons and ligaments (Tillman et al., 2002). Specifically, increased flexion will be accompanied by an increase in muscle forces and joint moments (Tillman et al., 2002).
Key human anatomy and physiology principles as they relate to rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Qussai Obiedat, Bhagwant S. Sindhu, Ying-Chih Wang
In addition, there are specific terms that are used to describe the movements of different body parts. Generally, flexion is a term used to describe the bending movement of one bone on another, causing a decrease in the joint angle. Extension is the straightening movement that causes an increase of the joint angle, and usually returns the body part to the anatomical position after it has been flexed. The continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position is known as hyperextension. Abduction is the movement of a body part away from the body midline, and the reversed movement is known as adduction (Lippert 2006). Movements associated with specific joints are described in the following subsection on the muscular system.
Anthropometry and Biomechanics
Published in Nancy J. Stone, Chaparro Alex, Joseph R. Keebler, Barbara S. Chaparro, Daniel S. McConnell, Introduction to Human Factors, 2017
Nancy J. Stone, Chaparro Alex, Joseph R. Keebler, Barbara S. Chaparro, Daniel S. McConnell
Just as landmarks must be clearly specified in anthropometry, body movements must be clearly specified in biomechanics. Some basic movements include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. When we reduce the angle at the elbow or knee, for example, by bending our arm or leg, this is flexion. In contrast, extension occurs when we increase the angle such as at the elbow or knee by extending our arm or leg (see the top images in Figure 9.8). Now, if we were to hold our arm straight out in front and move it across our body, this would be adduction, and moving the arm out to the side would be abduction, as demonstrated by the bottom right image in Figure 9.8.
Influence of countermovement depth on the countermovement jump-derived reactive strength index modified
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Alejandro Pérez-Castilla, Jonathon Weakley, Felipe García-Pinillos, F. Javier Rojas, Amador García-Ramos
A preliminary session was used for anthropometric measures and to familiarise the participants with the CMJ exercise performed using the different knee flexion angle instructions. Body height (m) and body mass (kg) were measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Seca 202 Stadiometer; Seca Ltd., Hamburg, Germany) and a contact electrode foot-to-foot body fat analyser system (TBF-171 300A; Tanita Corporation of America Inc., Arlington Heights, IL), respectively. An elastic cord was individually adjusted to contact with participants’ buttocks when they reached the specific knee flexion angle during the pre-determined CMJs (CMJ60, CMJ75, CMJ90, CMJ105 and CMJ120) (Janicijevic et al., 2019; Pérez-Castilla, Rojas, Gómez-Martínez, et al., 2019) and no reference was used during the CMJpref. The knee flexion angle was measured with a manual goniometer (Goniómetro Rulong, Fisaude, Spain) and the elastic cord was attached to a vertical support.
Physiological, biomechanical, and subjective effects of medio-lateral distance between the feet during pedalling for cyclists of different morphologies
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Geoffrey Millour, Sébastien Duc, Frédéric Puel, William Bertucci
Cycling is a popular recreational and competitive activity that is highly recommended for rehabilitation and fitness programmes (Johnston, 2007). However, cycling-related injuries are often reported and are caused by a combination of inadequate preparation, inappropriate equipment, poor technique, and overuse (Wanich et al., 2007). Knee injuries, such as anterior knee pain, patellar tendinosis, iliotibial band syndrome, and collateral ligament sprain, are the most common pathologies affecting approximately 25% of cyclists due to the repetitive movements of flexion/extension of the lower limbs (e.g., Bini et al., 2011; Delacroix et al., 2009; Gregor & Wheeler, 1994; Holmes et al., 1994). Knee injuries are frequently related to the foot position on the pedal that transmits knee loads (e.g., Callaghan, 2005; Ruby et al., 1992). The risk of pathologies at the knee joint is amplified by the poor freedom of movement at the foot-shoe-pedal interface as a result of the cleat system, which fixes the foot to the pedal (Holmes et al., 1994).
Cycling with Low Saddle Height is Related to Increased Knee Adduction Moments in Healthy Recreational Cyclists
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Yong Wang, Leichao Liang, Donghai Wang, Yunqi Tang, Xie Wu, Li Li, Yu Liu
Upon arriving at the laboratory, informed consent obtained from all participants after the details of the experiment explained to the participants. Before the experiment, height and body mass were measured followed by kinematic and kinetic data collection. Knee joint flexion angle (θ, see Figure 1) was measured using a goniometer with the crank held at the bottom-dead-center (BDC, 6 o’clock position). During the assessment, participants were instructed to keep their hands on the top of the handlebars (i.e. flat section of the bars) and to adopt elbow flexion to sustain a similar upper body position (i.e. 35° between the trunk and horizontal). The anterior-posterior position of the foot was aligned with the first metatarsophalangeal joint on the pedal axle. The participants were instructed to be maintained the same relative position throughout the data collection process. A thin layer of rubber was placed on top of the pedal to further stabilise the position of the shoe on the paddle.