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Water, sanitation and waste management solutions to contain the pandemic
Published in Harish Hirani, Technological Innovations for Effective Pandemic Response, 2023
Another study [2] indicates that asymptomatic individuals also can spread the pandemic. There is a very high percentage of asymptomatic infected persons (those who are a contagion but will be invisible to the system), which increases the chances of mortality of every senior citizen or person having comorbidities (pre-existing conditions of hypertension, diabetes, cardiac diseases). It can be said that the pandemic impacts all segments of the society, including all genders, young and old, migrant workers and persons with disabilities. In such situation, obvious questions related to the possibility of “in-person meeting”, “group activities”, “hygiene of frequently touched surfaces”, “governments, private sectors, civil society and academia working together”, “effective strategies for immediate deployment to broaden the scope of civic management”, etc. keep coming to mind, time and again. To answer such questions, there is a need to decide an overall “social protection strategy” to fight against the pandemic by staying engaged (through S&T developments), confident and motivated.
A Study on Mathematical and Computational Models in the Context of COVID-19
Published in Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, Bibudhendu Pati, Mamata Rath, Rajkumar Buyya, Computational Modeling and Data Analysis in COVID-19 Research, 2021
The complexity in dealing with the infection is caused by several factors which complicate and add challenges in planning measures to control the disease. There is uncertainty or lack of clarity about the origin of the disease, though it is speculated to have originated from wild animals like bats, civets, and minks (Zhou et al., 2020). Another complication is that infected individuals are asymptomatic for a period of 2–14 days from infection, but they are capable of infecting others at any time (Rothe et al., 2020). All the models studied so far in this chapter, and otherwise also based on the available data, have estimated that the value of basic reproductive numbers for COVID-19 vary from 2.68 to as high as 6.47 (Wu et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020). A computational model for estimating the extent of the disease outbreak with the center of attention being human-to-human transmission was conducted by Imai et al. (2020). All these models have given prominence to direct human-to-human transmission without accounting for transmission through the environment.
Wi-Fi-Based Proximity Social Distancing Alert to Fight Against COVID-19
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
Mayuri Diwakar Kulkarni, Khalid Alfatmi
Transmission is not only due to the symptomatic patients but also due to asymptomatic patients [6]. Such cases are observed in many countries. These asymptomatic patients come in proximity to the uninfected person then it may lead to the transmission of the SAR-Cov-2 virus. To avoid this transmission, the need for proximity barrier is much more important. These asymptomatic patients may act as a transmitter. So, the main focus in both these cases of transmission is only to maintain social distancing. Due to this, it will break the transmission chain.
Forecasting the impact of epidemic outbreaks on the supply chain: modelling asymptomatic cases of the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Pradeep K. Jha, Suvadip Ghorai, Rakhi Jha, Rajul Datt, Gowrishankar Sulapu, Surya Prakash Singh
The following are the assumptions of the model in this paper: The whole population P(t) is split into seven subpopulations, viz., U, X, ,, N, T, and R. The total affected population can be calculated using Equation (1). This study hypothesises the possibility of the P(t) being contaminated by the contagious population if it happened to come into direct touch (handshake, hug, etc.).After showing infection, U can change to symptomatic or asymptomatic classes with distinct spread rates.Asymptomatic infected individuals in the community can spread the disease to susceptible individuals. The identification and quarantine of asymptomatic cases conveys a positive message to the community as well as the economy that rebuilds confidence in the SC network and assures a smooth ramp-up of the consumer-based participatory economy.
A pedestrian-based model for simulating COVID-19 transmission on college campus
Published in Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 2023
Existing studies have shown that COVID-19 exhibits more special transmission characteristics than previous infectious diseases, leading to its higher transmission speed, wider transmission range, and higher transmission risk. Firstly, COVID-19 has a long incubation period, generally 3–7 days, and the infected person is infectious during the incubation period (Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association 2020). Besides, some of the infected people have no symptoms but are also infectious after the incubation period, making them difficult to be detected. The longer the time they are exposed to the public environment, the greater the possibility that they can infect other susceptible people. Then the clinical features of COVID-19 patients can be concluded as follows. COVID-19 has an incubation period, during which the infected person has no obvious symptoms but is infectious.There is a certain proportion of asymptomatic infected people who are infectious. The asymptomatic infected people are not counted into the confirmed cases and will get recovered after the onset cycle (Rothe, Schunk, and Sothmann 2020).At present, the significant proportion of asymptomatic patients varies in different countries, with the possibility ranging from 0.1–0.6 (Qiu 2020).
Silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential application in medical protective clothing – a review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Toufique Ahmed, R. Tugrul Ogulata, Sabiha Sezgin Bozok
The primary source of Covid-19 infection is- respiratory droplets and aerosols transmission. It transmits person to person through respiratory droplets, cough, sneeze, bio-fluids, direct contact, etc. It is also regarded as airborne (Wax & Christian 2020). Table 5 depicts a summary of respiratory droplet size and properties. Medical face masks (EN 14683 type II) can reduce airborne viral concentration severity (Prather et al., 2020, 2). Leung et al. concluded that face masks could prevent droplets, and they found 0 infection among 246 people wearing the mask (Leung et al., 2020). Eikenberry et al. predicted that 80% of face mask’s adaptation could reduce up to 65% of death (Eikenberry et al., 2020). Similarly, X.Liu and Zhang demonstrated that not wearing face masks infected 5 out of 39 people, but wearing face masks prevented the infection efficiently (Liu & Zhang, 2020). Even the transmission may happen from asymptomatic patients (X. Peng et al., 2020). So everyone, especially the hospital personnel, is very prone to be infected (X. Peng et al., 2020). Hence doctors and nurses should use full covering PPEs. Although there is some controversy regarding the protection capability, the N95 or powdered air-purifying respirators (PAPR) can be used for the best protection (Policy et al., 2015).